Medical Science Inner Ear Anatomy and Physiology Research - 4125 Words

Medical Science: Inner Ear Anatomy and Physiology Research (Research Paper Sample) Content: * Inner ear anatomy and physiologyIt is the mammalsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ the inner most part of the ear also referred to as Auris interna, it represents the inner section of the vertebrate ear, and it is connected to the middle ear to the oval window. The inner ear is responsible for the detection of sound and balance among the vertebrates (Wada 12). The structure is the final part of the ear, where the vestibular nerve and the cochlea nerve are located, both nerves ar vital for balancing and hearing respectively.The inner ear is made up of the following arts: * Oval window * Semicircular ducts * Cochlea * Auditory tubeInternal ear is comprised of the bony labyrinth, which is the hollow space in the temporal bone with a structural passage that consists of the following functional parts.Semicircular ducts- section packed with fluid, it is attached to the nerves and the cochlea. Its function is to transmit information on the balance and also the head position of the brain.Auditor y tube: - it channels fluid from the middle ear up to the throat, at the section behind the nose.Cochlea: - This is the structured spiral section of the hearing. This part is made up of the cochlear duct of the membranous labyrinth. The hearing is offered by the receptors that are in the cochlear duct. A set of perilymph-filled chambers are located on the sides of the duct. All the apparatus makes their turns around the central bony hub, just like a snail.The function of the cochlea involves the changing of the sound waves to electrical impulses and then tramsmitting them to the brainà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s auditory nerve. When received by the brain, the impulse is then converted into sounds that one can comprehend.Though, for the free fluid movement within the cochlea from side to side, its wall membrane has a small hole in it known as the helicotrema. The wall is significant for safeguarding the vibration that comes from an oval window and is conveyed to the entire fluid that is inside the c ochlea. Once the fluid gets in the cochlea, many of the microscopic hair fibers that are inside the divided wall, move in motion. There are nearly 24,000 of such hair fibers existing in sets of four long rows (Wada 15).The vestibular Systemà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ the balance mechanismThe organ is structured for balance mechanism. Its role is to identify the movement of the body, therefore ensuring that the body balance is being maintained. Vestibular system is made up of three major ring-shaped passages, leaning in three diverse planes. The three passages contain fluid that moves respectively to the movements of the body. Apart from the fluid, the passages are composed of numerous hair fibers that respond to the fluid movement relying upon slight impulses to the brain. Once the impulses are received in the brain, they are decoded and thus enhances body balance (Pujol and Hilding 343).The auditory nerveThis is the series of nerve fibers which are responsible for conveying information from the c ochlea (inner ear) up to the brain. The auditory nerve has the function of carrying sound signals from the part of the inner ear, through the nerves,up to the brain. The hair fibers move in motion when they transmit electrical signals towards the brain through the auditory nerve that is linked to the auditory center. In the brain, the electric pulse is decoded into a sound. As a result, hair fibers are vital to human hearing ability. When these hair fibres are damaged, the hearing capacity of an individual is weakened (Cathers 230).The bony labyrinth, also known as the osseous labyrinth, is the passage network that has bony walls with periosteum lined to it. The membranous labyrinth is found in the bony labyrinth, between them, it contains layers of perilymph. The three major sections of the bony labyrinth are the cochlea, theÂsemicircular canals, and the vestibule of the ear (Willott 40).In the inner ear, the round window is made up of a thin partition which separates the air-f illed middle ear from the perilymph of the cochlea. The perilymph, a fluid located in the cochlea, has its properties similar to that of the cerebrospinal fluid. The perilymph flows between membranous and bony labyrinths. The endolymph is another fluid that is found within the membranous labyrinth; however, endolymph is concentrated with the electrolytes that vary from the body fluids. Furthermore, the bony labyrinth may be divided up into, the cochlea, the three semicircular canals, and the vestibule. In the vestibule, there are two sets of membranous sacs, namely, the utricle (utriculus) and the saccule (sacculus). Receptors found inside the vestibule offer sensations of linear acceleration and gravity.The slender semicircular ducts are surrounded by the semicircular canals. The receptors that are found in this section are accelerated by the head rotation. Alongside with the vestibule, this is referred to as the vestibular complex. The chambers that are filled with fluid in the ve stibule are usually constant with that of the semicircular canals (Willott 44). * Semicircular CanalsÂThe semicircular canal also referred to as semicircular duct is made up of the three semicircular, tubes that are interconnected found inside every ear. The three canals are as follows: 1 The superior semicircular canal/ anterior semicircular canal 2 The posterior semicircular canal/ inferior semicircular canal 3 The horizontal semicircular canal/ lateral semicircular canalBoth the posterior and aterior canals can be referred to as the vertical semicircular canals. The function of the semicircular canal system is the detection of the rotational movements. In order to attain its detection property, the semicircular canals are effectively used as the tools for that purpose. 1 Horizontal semicircular canalThis is the shortest of the three canals. The fluid movements that occur in the canal are in respect of the head rotation around the vertical axis, this means the neck, in other t erms transverse plane rotation. This occurs when one turns his head towards the right and left side before crossing the road. The lateral canal in one ear is very close to the equal angle as the other, whereas the superior canal of one of the ears is almost parallel to that of the posterior canal of the another ear. 2 Superior semicircular canalThis is a section of the vestibular system which the head rotation around the horizontal axis, or in other terms rotation within the sagittal plane. This is an event when nodding the head. 3 Posterior semicircular canalIts function is to detect the head rotation around the anterior-posterior or rostral-caudal axis; also, referred to as the rotation within the coronal plane. For instance, when one moves his head to reach his shoulder, or while doing the cartwheel. * Otolith OrgansThe otolith organs sense gravity and linear acceleration, as due to initiation of movement in a straight line. Persons or animals without otolith organs or with defec tive otoliths have poorer abilities to sense motion as well as orientation to gravity.The otolith is a structure of the utricleÂor sacculeÂfound in the inner ear, and more specific in the vestibular labyrinth. Both the utricle and the saccule in line, make up the otolith organs. The structures are sensitive to the linearÂacceleration and gravity. Due to their location of the utricle, in the head, they respond to the to the variation in the horizontal movement, and then the saccule provides the information concerning the vertical acceleration (Cathers, Ian, Brian, and Richard, 230).Both the utricle and the sacculeÂhas the sensory epithelium, which is the macula that is made up of the hair cells and the related supporting cells. Beyond the hair bundles and the hair cells is the gelatinous layer, together with the fibrous structure, which is referred to as otolithic membrane; they are rooted with crystals of calcium carbonate referred to as otoconia. The otolithic membr ane is made considerably heavier by the otoconia, as compared to the structure together with the surrounding fluid; therefore, when the head is tilted, the gravity trigger off the membrane to move comparatively to the sensory epithelium. The subsequent shearing motion that is there between the macula and the otolithic membrane moves the hair bundles; they are embedded within the lower, sticky side of the membrane. ÂReceptor potential is produced within the hair cells as the result of the movement of the hair bundles (Cathers, Ian, Brian, and Richard, 234).The shearing movement between the otolithic membrane and macula likewise happens when the head experienced linear accelerations. The extreme comparative weight of the otolithic membrane, leads to its temporarily lagging behind the macula, causing the hair bundle to displace briefly. The same effect applies to the otolithic hair cells, when the particular tilting of the head and the linear accelerations clarifies the perceptual equivalence of these diverse stimuli in the absence of the visual feedback, as it happens in the dark or when then closing the eyes. The hair cell bundles orientatuin is relatively organized to the striola, therefore demarcating the covering layer of otoconia. Therefore, a tilt by the striola axis, while one side stimulates the hair cells, leads to restraining the hair cells that are on the other edge (Fernandez, Cesar, and Jay 225).The utricular macula is positioned horizontally, and the saccularÂmacula vertically, with the constant disparity in the morphological polarization within the hair cells found in each macula. Scrutiny of the excitatory orientations within the maculae shows that the utricle reacts to the head's fast in the horizontal angle, like sideward head tilts as well as the lateral displacements. Whereas the sacculusÂreacts to ...

How Many Countries Are in ASEAN

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is a group of ten member countries that encourages political, economic, and social cooperation in the region. In 2006, ASEAN tied together 560 million people, about 1.7 million square miles of land, and a total gross domestic product (GDP) of US $1.1 trillion. Today, the group is considered one of the most successful regional organizations in the world, and it seems to have a brighter future ahead. History of ASEAN Much of Southeast Asia was colonized by western powers prior to World War II. During the war, Japan took control of the region,  yet was forced out afterwards as Southeast Asian countries pushed for independence. Once independent, the countries found that stability was hard to come by, and they soon looked to each other for answers. In 1961, the Philippines, Malaysia, and Thailand came together to form the Association of Southeast Asia (ASA), a precursor to ASEAN. Six years later, in 1967, the members of ASA, along with Singapore and Indonesia, created ASEAN, forming a bloc that would push back at the dominating western pressure. The Bangkok Declaration was discussed and agreed upon by the five leaders of those countries over golf and drinks (they later dubbed it sports-shirt diplomacy). Importantly, this informal and interpersonal manner characterizes Asian politics. Brunei joined in 1984, followed by Vietnam in 1995, Laos and Burma in 1997, and Cambodia in 1999. Today the ten member countries of ASEAN are Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. ASEAN Principles and Goals According to the groups guiding document, the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia (TAC), there are six fundamental principles members adhere to: Mutual respect for the independence, sovereignty, equality, territorial integrity, and national identity of all nations.The right of every State to lead its national existence free from external interference, subversion or coercion.Non-interference in the internal affairs of one another.Settlement of differences or disputes by peaceful manner.Renunciation of the threat or use of force.Effective cooperation among themselves. In 2003, the group agreed on the pursuit of three pillars or communities: Security Community: No armed conflict has taken place among ASEAN members since its inception four decades ago. Each member has agreed to resolve all conflicts by use of peaceful diplomacy and without use of force.Economic Community: Perhaps the most vital part of ASEANs quest is to create a free, integrated market in its region, much like that of the European Union. The ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) embodies this goal, eliminating virtually all tariffs (taxes on imports or exports) in the region to increase competitiveness and efficiency. The organization is now looking towards China and India to open up their markets in order to create the largest free market area in the world.Socio-cultural Community: To combat the pitfalls of capitalism and free trade, namely disparity in wealth and job loss, the socio-cultural community focuses on disadvantaged groups such as rural workers, women, and children. Various programs are used to this end, including those for HIV/AIDS, higher education, and sustainable development, among others. The ASEAN scholarship is offered by Singapore to the other nine members, and the University Network is a group of 21 higher education institutes that aid each other in the region. Structure of ASEAN There are a number of decision-making bodies that comprise ASEAN, spanning from international to the very local. The most important are listed below: Meeting of the ASEAN Heads of State and Government: The highest body made up of the heads of each respective government; meets annually.Ministerial Meetings: Coordinates activities in many areas including agriculture and forestry, trade, energy, transportation, science and technology, among others; meets annually.Committees for External Relations: Made up of diplomats in many of the worlds major capitals.Secretary-General: The appointed leader of the organization empowered to implement policies and activities; appointed to ​five-year term. Currently Surin Pitsuwan of Thailand. Not mentioned above are over 25 other committees and 120 technical and advisory groups. Achievements and Criticisms of ASEAN After 40 years, many consider ASEAN to be very successful in part because of the ongoing stability in the region. Instead of worrying about military conflict, its member countries have been able to focus on development of their political and economic systems. The group has also made a strong stance against terrorism with regional partner, Australia. In the wake of the terrorist attacks in Bali and Jakarta in the past eight years, ASEAN has focused its efforts to prevent incidents and capture perpetrators. In Nov. 2007, the group signed a new charter that established ASEAN as a rule-based entity that would promote efficiency and concrete decisions, rather than simply a large discussion group as it has sometimes been labeled. The charter also commits members to advocate democratic ideals and human rights. ASEAN is often criticized for saying on one hand that democratic principles guide them, while on the other allowing human rights violations to occur in Myanmar, and socialism to rule in Vietnam and Laos. Free market protestors who fear the loss of local jobs and economies have appeared all over the region, most notably at the 12th ASEAN summit in Cebu in the Philippines. Despite objections, ASEAN is well on its way to full economic integration, and is making great strides to fully assert itself on the world market.

Rosa Lee Essay - 3975 Words

NAME (primary client): Rosa Lee Cunningham DATE OF BIRTH: October 7, 1936 CHRONOLOGICAL AGE: 52 SEX: Female ADDRESS: FUNDING SOURCE: DATE OF REPORT: 3/14/2012 Identifying Information: Rosa Lee is a feisty African American female who grew up poor on the fringes of a Capitol Hill neighborhood. Her parents were sharecroppers who had migrated to the city. Rosa Lee had eight children, six boys and two girls, over an 11 year stretch; she was 14 years old when she had her first born. While pregnant with her first child, Rosa Lee dropped out of school without having learned to read. At age 16, Rosa Lee got married; the marriage only lasted a few months. She supported her family by waitressing in†¦show more content†¦While in the Job Corps, Bobby earned his high school equivalency certificate and received training in cooking, business management, retail sales, and basic electronic equipment repair. Educational History (Family): Ronnie Explain: Ronnie dropped out of school in the 8th grade; he was 15 years old. Educational History (Family): Alvin Explain: When Alvin was 15 years old and in the 8th grade he had a teacher by the name of Gartell Franklin. Alvin soaked up the guidance and friendship of Franklin. Alvin joined an after school Black History Awareness group that Franklin had organized. Alvin regarded Franklin as more than just a teacher. When Alvin entered the 10th grade he got into a hallway fight and was suspended. He tried night school but found that the teachers were not committed or serious to their students; he dropped out. While in the Army, Alvin earned a high school equivalency certificate. When he returned home from the Army he enrolled in Washington’s Federal City College as a part-time undergraduate student. Educational History ( Family): Richard Explain: Richard dropped out of school in the 12th grade. Educational History (Family): Eric Explain: Up until Eric was 12 years old he found school an exercise in frustration and anxiety. In the 6th grade he met teacher Hank Wilson. Wilson worked with Eric and gave him special exercises and demonstrated to Eric that he had an aptitude for learning. WhenShow MoreRelatedThe Case of Rosa Lee2921 Words   |  12 PagesThe Case of Rosa Lee Neal DenDulk Liberty University The Case of Rosa Lee Case Study Name: Rosa Lee Cunningham DOB/Age: 52 Dates of Interviews: 10/07/1994 Evaluator: Neal DenDulk REASON FOR ASSESSMENT: Rosa Lee Cunningham is a 52 year old African-American single mother of eight, who is a long time heroin addict, and has an extensive criminal record. Of her eight children six of them have followed her in her life of addiction and crime. These crimes include everything from petty theft, to prostitutionRead MoreRosa Lee Story866 Words   |  4 PagesThe Rosa lee story Rosa Lee gave dash full access to her and her family life for four years, because she thought someone could learn from it. Rosa was born in Washington and was living a low class life, and often looked down up on for it . Rosa lee was brought up in a single parent house hold and when she entered jr. high her dad died. Rosa mom often struggled to take care of her and her siblings. Her mother gave birth to twenty-two kids, but only eleven survived. Rosa and her mom neverRead MoreRosa Lee Case Study4565 Words   |  19 PagesCase Study – Rosa Lee Cunningham Michael J. Rogers Liberty University Case Study – Rosa Lee Cunningham Name: Rosa Lee Cunningham Age: Born October 7, 1936 – age 54 at time of interview Dates of Interviews: Various through 1990 Evaluator: Michael Rogers REASON FOR ASSESSMENT: Rosa Lee is a 54-year old African American female. 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Rosa’s grandparents worked and lived on a farm as a sharecropper in North Carolina. This continued when Rosa is born. She is born into poverty. Her family is now living in Washington, D.C. Her mother continues with the traditions of her parents. Women should only be hardworking in the household. She tries to force this uponRead MoreRosa Lee : District Of Colombia Washington D.c922 Words   |  4 PagesRosa lee Residence: District of Colombia Washington D.C. Rosa Lee was motivated and driven to survive living as a single mother in the District of Colombia with her eight children. Rosa Lee residence was not as different from where she grew up. Rosa Lee lived in a low income area. Rosa Lee neighborhood involved negative and positive aspects. The methadone clinic where Rosa Lee attended was beneficial for Rosa Lee to overcome the addiction to heroin. There were some role models in Rosa Lee’s childrenRead MoreRosa Lee Has No Employment At The Current Time1480 Words   |  6 Pageschildren. Occupational functioning. Rosa Lee is currently unemployed and does not have any history of stable employment. She does not have any future job possibilities and it does not appear if Rosa Lee wants a job. Financial aspects. Rosa Lee has no employment at the current time. However, she does receive welfare assistance and social security. Rosa Lee has been consistently late in paying bills, which ends in her services being disconnected. Rosa Lee does not have the ability to manageRead MoreThe Courage Of Rosa Parks1566 Words   |  7 PagesRoxanne Williams Prof. Lobito Enc. 1101 April 19, 2016 The Courage of Rosa Parks ‘’Each person must live their life as a model for others.’’ (Rosa Parks) Rosa Parks was tired of the way African Americans were poorly treated. She took a stand by not obeying a demand to give up her seat to a white passenger on a Montgomery bus. Because of her bold action she became a model to millions. 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What Rosa had done on the bus started boycotts and created more and more activists. People wonder if Rosa Parks was raised to stand up for herself or if she was supposed to stay quiet. Looking at Rosa’s life and what happened on the bus and beyond, it can be concluded that she was taught to take pride in her race. Rosa (McCauley)

New Media Entail Different Forms Of Media †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The New Media Entail Different Forms Of Media? Answer: Introducation New Media entail different forms of media that are contrasted with old media forms like radio, television and print media. The difference between these media forms and the old one is based on their interactive process and digital generation that allows users to access different types of information at the same time.[1] New media allows an interactive feedback that makes the user a participant at the same time. Twenty concepts have been advanced to assist in understanding contemporary media and communication.[2] This essay discusses three concepts of new media; mobile media, hacking and the Mobile Media Mobile phones are the most distributed ICT devices that are easily accessible everywhere. The international Telecommunications Union estimated 5.981 billion mobile phones by 2011, a number which must have almost doubled today. Today, mobile media is the leading communication tool since 80% of the worlds population has a mobile phone.[3] The use of these devices has evolved from voice carriage and text messaging to becoming a full media allowing users to access music, videos, games, photographs and internet from one single device.[4] This new features plus the rise of tablet devices have made mobile phones the most powerful media ever. Today mobile media has become part of daily life where users enjoy the cloud based technology advantages that are attached to them allowing users to either download ort stream content.[5] This has changed the world of communication technology since people can access and use media devices anywhere around the world. This technology seems to be evolving every day with the rise of applications which are being created to paly different features on the new form of media.[6] With this, mobile media has become part of daily life since they are being used to carry out every activity of peoples lives. In their near future, the media will be designed to read and control human functions apart from using it as communication tool. Hacking Hacking entail all activities that revolve around programming and design of software for different purposes. Hacking offers both positive and negative implications, where positive implications entail hackers working together to improve each others content for better features in their programs[7]. On the other hand, negative hacking effects on privacy, surveillance and computer security. Instances of leaking of sensitive information like WikiLeaks is a breach of national and private security.[8] This presents both benefits and threats to security and privacy to information. Hacking threatens to expose of any new technology and at the same time seek to increase high levels of transparency in different environments. A hackers world entail creating new technologies and algorithms that can keep information more secure or uncover secrets that may have been hidden from the general public. The rise of social media sites enables hackers to easily interact and at the same time share content with their followers.[9] The creation of cyberspace has led to new forms of crime that are driven by the need to explore information technology and at the same time, threaten the very existence of new media forms and the role that they play in the society. The digital divide The digital divide entail the gap that is crested in the population through different levels of access to ICT technologies. This is based on a combination of socio-economic factors and physical geographical patterns that give some populations advantage over others regarding access.[10] The digital divide composes global divide which is the differences of access among nations while social divide entail gaps that exist within a nation regarding access to internet related content that leads to different access levels among populations. The need to achieve global connectivity has been driven by the urge to reduce global digital divisions. Infrastructural resources have been put in place and even international bodies like the UN setting millennium development goals that describe the nature of infrastructure that needs to be put in place by all countries.[11] Reducing digital divisions is one way of allowing the globe to enjoy benefits associated with new media and bringing the benefits closer.[12] New media has created a different space within the world that has changed the world into a global village. This is through allowing interactive and feedback sessions of real time data among users.[13] The web has changed everything that ever existed since access to content is just a click away. Today new media through tools like social media and the internet are used in almost every activity to reach out to a wider base of people. This has been seen in political campaigns, civil society activities, and social life and even in academic forums to keep track of activities that happen around us.[14] New media forms have not reached their peak but rather, they are evolving to something bigger than what we are experiencing today. References Chen, W., and B. Wellman. 2004. "The global digital divide within and between countries." Journal of IT Society 1 (7): 39-45, 2004. DeFleur, Everette, E Dennis, and L. Melvin. 2010. Understanding media in the digital age : connections for communication, society, and culture. New York: Allyn Bacon. Flew, Terry. 2014. New Media. 4th. Oxford Univeristy Press. Graham, M. 2011. "Time machines and virtual portals: The spatialities of the digital divide." Progress in Development Studies 11 (3): 211-227. Halpern, D., and J. Gibbs. 2013. "Social media as a catalyst for online deliberation? Exploring the affordances of Facebook and YouTube for political expression." Computers in Human Behavior 1159-1168. Madon, S., N. Reinhard, D. Roode, and G. Walsham. 2007. "Digital inclusion projects in developing countries: Processes of institutionalization." Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Social Implications of Computers in Developing Countries. Sao Paulo. Towner, T. L. 2013. "All Political Participation is Socially Networked? New Media and the 2012 Election." Social Science Computer Review 1-15. Wasserman, Herman. 2007. "Is a New Worldwide Web Possible? An Explorative Comparison of the Use of ICTs by Two South African Social Movements." African Studies Review 50 (1): 109-131. [1] DeFleur, Everette, E Dennis, and L. Melvin, Understanding media in the digital age : connections for communication, society, and culture. (New York: Allyn Bacon, 2010),.12 [2] Flew, Terry, New Media, (4th. Oxford Univeristy Press, 2014) 24. [3] Ibid, 28 [4] Graham, M. , "Time machines and virtual portals: The spatialities of the digital divide." Progress in Development Studies 11 (3): 211-227(2011), 215. [5] Ibid, 16. [6]Ibid, 29 [7] Ibid, 24 [8] Ibid, 220. [9] Halpern, D., and J. Gibbs., "Social media as a catalyst for online deliberation? Exploring the affordances of Facebook and YouTube for political expression." Computers in Human Behavior 1159-1166, (2013), 1161. [10] Ibid, 25 [11] Madon, S., N. Reinhard, D. Roode, and G. Walsham., "Digital inclusion projects in developing countries: Processes of institutionalization(2007), 17. [12] Chen, W., and B. Wellman, "The global digital divide within and between countries." Journal of IT Society 1 (7): 39-45(2004), 41. [13] Wasserman, Herman, "Is a New Worldwide Web Possible? An Explorative Comparison of the Use of ICTs by Two South African Social Movements." African Studies Review 50 (1): 109-131, (2007), 124. [14] Towner, T. L., "All Political Participation is Socially Networked? New Media and the 2012 Election." Social Science Computer Review 1-15, (2013), 5.