Dormancy-breaking Treatment on Spices of Fennel

Dormancy-breaking Treatment on Spices of Fennel Effect of moist chilling and application of dormancy-breaking treatment on two spices of Foeniculum vulgare Mill Sayyid Amirreza Tahaei, Ali Soleimani Abstract One of the problems of planting of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill) is seeds dormancy of this plant’s seed. We designed an experiment and investigated effect of wet chilling levels including 0, 15, 30 and 45 days of chilling and different breaking dormancy treatments on breaking dormancy of seeds of two fennel species which are named Nahavand and Malayer. Dormancy-breaking treatments were including gibberellic acid (100 mg L-1), benzyl adenine (10-5 M), chitin (10-5 M), mixture of gibberellic acid + benzyl adenine, mixture of gibberellic acid + chitin, mixture of benzyl adenine + chitin, mixture of gibberellic acid + benzyl adenine + chitin (with the mentioned concentrations(, concentrated sulfuric acid (90%) for 15 second, potassium nitrate 0.4%, distilled water, aminol forte 0.4%, kadostim 0.4%, fosnutren 0.4% and humiforte 0.4%. The results were indicated that chilling have significant effect on increasing of the germination percentage, coleoptile length, radical length, se edling length, rate of germination and vigor index. The treatments of benzyl adenine + chitin, gibberellic acid + chitin, aminol forte and distilled water caused a significant increase in characteristics of fennel germination in compare to other treatments. Varieties of Malayer has significant percentage of germination, coleoptile length, radical length, seedling length and vigor index in compared to varieties of Nahavand. The results indicated that in the condition of this study moist chilling treatment (stratification) for 15 days convey with application of treatments of benzyl adenine + chitin and aminol forte is suitable to breaking dormancy of fennel seeds. Keywords: Chilling, dormancy of seed, dormancy-breaking treatments, fennel Introduction Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) is an aromatic, Herbaceous and biennial plant which grows to a height of 2 m. Fennel fruit is small with the length of about 8 mm and width of 3 mm, aromatic and sweet (Rchinger1987). One of the main characteristics of seed is the power of germination and vigor that is important for farmers (Copeland L. O. and M. B. McDonald, 1375). Studies have shown that many of the family Apiaceae plants are produced seeds with lots of endosperm and small embryos (Baskin, 1992). Percentage of seed germination in many plants of this family are low and their germination standards is lower than other plants. Lack of embryo, incompletely and dormant embryo in seed are the most important factors of seed dormancy and reducing of germination in this plants category (Robinson, 1954). The results of the studies of (Hedayati, 2000 and Nichols; ,1934Baskin, 1984, 1991 and , 1999 Troy, 1993; Widrlechner, 2000) indicate that a variety types of the Saubacus genus, Umbelliferus seeds and Dioscora and Cuphea species also show different degrees of physiological dormancy patterns and chilling can greatly help to resolve this type of dormancy. (Slater, 1982). Soltani Pour (1388) showed that the maximum and minimum rate of germination of fennel were 34.1 and zero per day related to cold treatment and hot water treatment. The maximum index of vigor seed was 365.75 related to cold treatment and the minimum index of vigor seed was zero related to hot water treatment. Moist cold causes permeability of seed, materials washing and prevents germination, also cold resolves physiological dormancy and overcomes internal abscisic acid. Plant hormones or growth regulators are involved in many aspects of plant growth. Investigations showed that most of the plant hormones such as auxins, gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene and abscisic acid affect on the stimulating germination or dormancy of seed via specific ways that cause controlling functions of nucleic acids (Cournf et al., 2002). The results of the interaction of different concentrations of gibberellin hormone (0, 100, 250, 500 and 1000 ppm) and the time of dipping in this hormone (24 and 48 hours) of the rhubarb indicated significant differences between treatments in terms of the evaluated characteristics (percentage and rate of Fecula gummosa). The maximum a mount (65%) was obtained by increasing concentrations of this hormone from 100 to 500 ppm. However it was reduced by increasing concentrations of hormone to 1000 ppm. Bannayan and Najafi (1383) stated that germination of Fercula gummosa was increased at concentrations above 50 ppm of gibberellic acid. They observed that low concentration of gibberellic acid had no effect on breaking dormancy of Fecula gummosa, but the concentration of 50 ppm and increasing the soaking time from 48 to 72 hours improved percentage of germination. As the maximum percentage of Fercula gummosa seed germination was obtained at concentrations of 1000 and 2500 ppm. Materials and Methods Seed Characterization Seed samples of two species namely Malayer and Nahavan were collected from Sarsir area of Hamadan in 1390. In order to preparation seeds, at first the same size and apparently healthy seeds were separated by a loop. Average weight of 1000 seeds was 3 g. After stratification period, the seeds were sterilized and breaking dormancy treatments were applied on them and they were placed in germinator machine with photoperiod of 8 hours of light at 30  ° C and 16 hours of darkness at 20  ° C (ISTA, 1985). Characteristics of Experiment Location To evaluate the effects of moist chilling and application of hormonal, chemical treatments and biological stimuli to break dormancy and induce germination of two varieties of fennel, an experiment was performed in laboratory of seed technology of the Agriculture faculty of Islamic Azad University khorasgan brunch Isfahan in 91-92 years. The research was performed based on a split factorial experiment in a completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications. Levels of stratification set in the main plot and variety factorial and break dormancy treatment set in sub-plots. Effect of moist chilling on breaking dormancy of seed Moist chilling levels include 0, 15, 30 and 45 days. This means that the seed is placed in distilled water for 24 hours. Then the moist seeds were placed inside sterilized and humid cotton bags separately. These bags were kept in isolated and dark environment at 4  ° C in the refrigerator. Effect of treatments on breaking dormancy of seed After the chilling period, 14 pregermination treatments were applied on the seeds. 14 braking dormancy treatments were as follow: 1-Gibberellic acid (100 mg L-1). 2- Benzyl adenine (10-5 M). 3- Chitin (10-5 M). 4- Mixture of gibberellic acid + benzyl adenine. 5- Mixture of gibberellic acid + chitin. 6- Mixture of benzyl adenine + chitin. 7- Mixture of gibberellic acid + benzyl adenine + chitin. 8- Concentrated sulfuric acid (90%) for 15 second. 9- Potassium nitrate 0.4%. 10- Distilled water. 11- Aminol forte 0.4% (Growth Stimulus). 12- Kadostim 0.4% (Growth Stimulus). Fosnutren 0.4% and Humiforte 0.4% (Growth Stimulus). Concentrations used for treatments 4, 5, 6 and 7 were same as the concentrations of treatments 1, 2 and 3. Used hormones in these experiments were manufactured by Sigma Company and biological stimuli, including 19 kinds of amino acids, low molecular weight polypeptides and also nutrients were manufactured by Inagrosa Company. Statistical population and sampling In order to determine the percentage and rate of germination germinated seeds were counted once per 24 hours according to the ISTA instruction. Root were considered germinated when they exhibited a radical extension of 2 to 3 mm (Bahadori et al., 1386). Evaluation of germination will be end when amount of germinated seeds in consecutive counts are same and this time was considered as the end of the germination period. After this period, the following parameters were measured: 1-Germination percentage 2- Coleoptile length 3-Radicle length 4- Germination rate 5- Uniformity of germination 6- Seed vigor index Percentage of germination according to equation of (Jefferson and Pennacchio, 2003) G=(n/N)Ãâ€"100 G = germination percentage n = amount of germinated seeds N = amount of the seeds in each petri dish container Germination rate according to equation of (Bahadori and Javanbakht, 1385) RG =1/MTG RG = rate of germination MTG = Mean Time of Germination Uniformity of germination was calculated according follow equation (Karam and Al-Salem, 2001) Uniformity of germination = (4) D = number of days from the beginning of germination ∑n = total number of germinated seeds N = number of germinated seeds at day = average number of days from the beginning of germination Data Analysis: Analyses of variance was performed on the data by MSTATC software. The means of parameters levels was compared using Duncan’s multiple range tests at %5 level of probability. Excel software was used to plot diagrams. Results Stratification It was observed that moist chilling is the most important treatment on seed germination of Fennel like many other members of Apiaceae family. However, Stratification have a significant effect on percentage of germination, coleoptile length, radical length, seedling length, average time of germination, germination rate and seed vigor index at %1 level of probability but the uniformity of germination was not significant (Table 1). The results indicated that increasing cold stratification duration for 15 days increased seed germination. Comparison of means using Duncan method indicated that the maximum percentage was obtained with 15 days cold stratification treatment resulting in 36.86% and it was decreased by increasing moist cold stratification duration as 45 days cold stratification treatment resulting in 11.18% stated that there was no significant difference in germination practically (Table 2). Results indicated that the maximum average time of germination was obtained by using no stratification treatment and cold stratification of 15 days but average time of germination was decreased significantly by increasing cold stratification duration from 15 to 30 and 45 days (Table 2). Stratification treatment have a significant effect on seed vigor index at %1 level of probability (Table 1). the maximum seed vigor index was obtained by using cold stratification treatment of 15 days and there was a significant difference between this treatment and other treatments. the minimum seed vigor index was obtained by using cold stratification treatment of 45 days and there was a significant difference between this treatment and other treatments (Table 2). Breaking dormancy treatments The results of variance analyses table of breaking dormancy treatments application indicated that applied of hormone- amino acid- chemical treatment caused a significant difference between germination parameters such as percentage of germination, coleoptile length, radical length, seedling length, average time of germination, germination uniformity, germination rate and seed vigor index (Table 1 and 2). Comparision of means indicated that the maximum affect on germination of fennel was obtained by using aminol forte, benzyl adenine + chitin treatments (Table 2). Interactions of moist chilling and breaking dormancy treatments indicated that bio-stimulant treatments of kadostim and aminol forte and hormonal treatments of benzyl adenine + chitin had the highest percentage of germination in the absence of cold. An increased in germination percentage was observed by increasing cold stratification duration of mentioned treatments to 15 days but increasing cold stratification duration up to 15 days reduced germination percentage with the same ratio. However, increasing cold stratification duration from 0 to 15 days for nitrate potassium treatment increased germination percentage of 26% that is maximum percentage of germination but increasing stratification duration to 30 and 45 days reduce germination percentage to a lesser extent compared with that (Table 2). The results of applied treatments revealed that the concentrations of used materials and the duration of these treatments are effective in stimulating germination. Varieties The results of varieties reaction indicate that increasing percentage of germination, coleoptile length, radical length, seedling length and seed vigor index of Malayer variety is significantly higher than nahavand variety. The seeds of Malayer variety with 32.29% of germination is ranked higher than the seeds of Nahavand variety with 13.11% of germination (Table 2). The interaction between the moist chilling with break dormancy treatments and varieties Study of interactions of moist chilling, varieties and breaking dormancy treatments indicated that cytokinins convey with increasing cold stratification duration to 15 days increased some parameters such as percentage of germination, coleoptile length, radical length, seedling length and etc. in Malayer and Nahavand varieties (Table 3). The highest average time of germination was obtained by using 15 days cold stratification treatment covey with distilled water treatment in Nahavand variety while the lowest average time of germination was obtained using 30 days cold stratification treatment covey with sulfuric acid treatment in Nahavand and Malayer varieties and 30 days cold stratification convey with kadostim in Malayer variety. Interactions of variety, chilling and breaking dormancy treatments have a significant effect on seed vigor index at %1 level of probability (Table 3). The maximum seed vigor index was obtained by using humiforte treatments convey with cold stratification tre atment of 15 days in Malayer variety and there was a significant difference between this treatment and other treatments. The minimum seed vigor index was obtained by using sulfuric acid treatment convey with cold stratification treatment of 30 days in Nahavand and Malayer varieties and there was a significant difference between this treatment and other treatments except kadostim treatment convey with cold stratification treatment of 45 days in Nahavand variety and sulfuric acid treatment convey with cold stratification treatment of 15 days in Nahavand variety (Table 3). Discussion Our data indicated that improving moist chilling to 15 days can be caused breaking dormancy of seeds as the maximum amount was obtained with 15 days cold stratification treatment resulting in 36.86% and it was decreased by increasing moist cold stratification duration as 45 days cold stratification treatment resulting in 11.18% stated that there was no significant difference in germination practically. There is continuity between seed dormancy and germination (Choun, 1996). This reaction can be due to growth of stratified embryos. Similarly, number of cell, dry weight and final length were increased in the embryonic axis of cherries seed which had been stratified (Eleni and Pelak, 1960). Also absorption of oxygen and energy were provided at the surface of cellular that the enzymes catalase, phosphatase, alkaline lipase and peroxidase were increased (Zarska-Maciejewska and Lewak, 1976). Thus it becomes clear that many of fetal development and metabolism are affected by stratification. In addition amount of hormone changes in stratified seeds. For example, ABA level is reduced due to seeds stratification of apple, pine, walnut and hazelnut. Adding gibberellin can be substituted stratification in some seeds (Pinà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ eld, 1968) due to the stimulatory role of this hormone. During the stratification procedure observed an increase in the amount of internal gibberellin which can be confirmed previous hypothesis )Frankland and Virnik, 1966). Therefore, in addition of the increase in growth rate and metabolic activity of the stratified seeds, changing of the inhibitor and stimulator levels can also be effective in breaking of the seed dormancy. The stratification time varies depending on the species. Seeds of Wild Rose needs to have a two-month period of stratification (Crocker and Barton, 1931). The stratification time depends on the age of the seeds. The seeds of Malayer variety with 32.29% of germination is ranked higher than the seeds of Nahavand variety with 13.11% of germination. The difference between seeds collection areas or the condition of the seed on the mother plant and strength of seed dormancy could be the reasons of this observation. On the other hand, it seems that induction of secondary dormancy is provided by the development of chilling on the studied seeds of the 1390. Study of breaking dormancy treatments effect indicated that the maximum affect on germination of fennel was obtained by using aminol forte, benzyl adenine + chitin treatments (Table 2-4). These reactions can probably be accrued due to the effect of cytokinins such as kinetin on increase activity of alpha-amylase that finally lead to the breakdown of starch molecules. In the other hand it seems that the resolve of seed dormancy by cytokinins may be related to increasing membrane permeability and exchanging storage materials. In addition cytokinins increase the process of cell division in the embryo by stimulating the synthesis of RNA and DNA and thereby facilitates seed germination. Thus the cytokinins are required to complete induction of germination by GA and reduce the effect of growth inhibitor (such as ABA) indirectly. Agrol and Dalani (2004) also proposed a model to study the effect of the germination stimulating and inhibitory hormones and they concluded that 1ibberellins can n ot break seed dormancy when there are high levels of ABA in the seed and in this case, presence of 1ibberellins besides the cytokinin leads to overcome ABA and seed dormancy will be beaked. Totally, it is believed that seed dormancy in excellent plants will be occurred by the balance of growth internal inhibitory and stimulating. Therefore, dormancy may be occurred due to the presence of growth inhibiting substances or lack of growth stimulating substances or a combination of both them. The amount of these endogenous compounds are controlled by environmental factors such as light and temperature. Study of interactions of moist chilling, varieties and breaking dormancy treatments indicated that cytokinins convey with increasing cold stratification duration to 15 days increased some parameters such as percentage of germination, coleoptile length, radical length, seedling length and etc. in Malayer and Nahavand varieties. The increase of mentioned parameters by cytokinins probability r elated to increasing membrane permeability and exchanging storage materials. However, chilling is effective due to elimination of germination inhibitory factors. Moist chilling increases effects of breaking dormancy treatments and as a result resolve dormancy and Induces germination. In the other hand, bio-stimulant treatments of kadostim and aminol forte and chemical treatments of nitrate potassium convey with increasing chilling duration improved degree of their germination. Acknowledgements This study was part of a MS thesis of Sayyid Amirreza Tahaei that was defended in Faculty of Agriculture of Islamic Azad University Isfahan brunch. Therefore, I would like to express my special appreciation and thanks to manager of Faculty of Agriculture of Islamic Azad University Isfahan brunch, my supervisor Dr. Ali Soleimani and my advisor.

Anna Pavlova And The Dying Swan Drama Essay

Anna Pavlova And The Dying Swan Drama Essay A couple years ago I used to think that ballet was boring. I did not understand ballet as an art and did not recognize its classical and modern types. Dances like hip-hop, samba, rumba, cha-cha, tango, and disco appealed to me more. Once I tried ballet myself in the U.S., I realized that most of the great dancers learned ballet for a lengthy amount of time. I decided to take ballet classes and after a year I realized that ballet brings me indescribable joy and appeasement. I became interested in learning more about ballet itself and its famous dancers. One of such a dancer was Anna Pavlova, whose life story I am determined to tell. It is important to note Anna Pavlovas childhood and early ballet career in Russia, her debut in The Dying Swan, emigration to Europe, performances around the world, marriage, and death. Childhood and early career: Anna Pavlova was born in St. Petersburg, Russia on a cold winter day of February 12, 1881. According to a New York Times article, when Anna was eight years old, her mother took her to a performance of The Sleeping Beauty. There, Anna experienced an epiphany, a baptism by ballet. From that day she knew, ballet was her future. At the age of ten, Anna Pavlova was admitted to the Imperial School of Ballet. Shortly after her acceptance to the Imperial School of Ballet, the exceptional gift of dancing was noticed in Anna Pavlova (Kent, 1996). At that time ballet was considered a court luxury and was one of the favorite entertainments of the late Czar. He would often visit the school to admire the little dancers, talking to them and sometimes telling jokes (Anna Pavlova Diesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦,1996). In 1902 after her graduation from the Imperial School of Ballet, Anna Pavlova joined the Maryinsky Theater as a second soloist, and in the following year was promoted to a first soloist (The Legendary, n.d.). Alexander Pleshcheyev, an author of the book Our Ballet where he studied Petersburg Imperial Ballet Company, wrote about Anna Pavlova: I recall the frail, slender, tall and lithe figure of a young, shy girl, with confused, deep eyes, in a dress of cornflower blue with a white pelerine and black pinafore -on holidays a white pinafore but always with a quite starched skirt for magnificence . .. This was the student of the Imperial Theater School in Petersburg Anya . . . Annushka (as her friends called her) Pavlova, whose appearance was awaited on the stage of the Maryinsky Theater, where she was known on affiches as Pavlova II Timid, trembling, lovely, like a wildflower, Pavlova II as a dancer just beginning subdued the public with her grace and tenderness. One sensed no physical exertion in her, and in those days, after the triumph on the Russian stage of Italian technical subtleties, every artist who appeared on stage was evaluated above all on technical abilities. Anna Pavlova had a favorite teacher and a mentor that was Enrico Cecchetti, an Italian dancer and a teacher who immigrated to St. Petersburg in his early age. Cecchetti taught at the Imperial School of Ballet from 1887 to 1902. In 1905 he established a school in St. Petersburg where he coached Anna Pavlova exclusively from 1907 to 1909 (Cecchetti, the teacher, n.d.). With Cecchettis help, Anna Pavlova was promoted to ballerina in 1905, and prima ballerina in 1906 (The Legendary, n.d.). The Dying Swan: In 1905 Anna Pavlova, already a prominent ballerina, received an offer from a choreographer Michael Fokine to take the leading part in the ballet The Dying Swan to music by Saint-Saens. Later The Dying Swan became her signature solo performance and a swan symbolized with her as a personal emblem (Kent, 1996). The author, Allegra Kent, in her article argued that a woman imitating a swan is an absurd idea since the body parts do not match and the bird can be graceful only when it swims. The black and webbed swans feet, with its shaky movements do not resemble the graceful and aesthetic motions of Anna Pavlova during The Dying Swan. Kent wrote that The Dying Swan was not about a woman impersonating a swan, instead it was about the fragility of life and the passion humans possess to hold on to it. Emigration to Europe and travels: In 1907 Anna Pavlovas performances were seen abroad and in 1909 she danced in Diaghilevs famous first Russian season in Paris, France where Pavlova danced with Vaslav Nijinsky (Kent, 1996). Since then, Anna was honored to dance before Emperor Franz Josef of Austria, King Alfonso of Spain, Emperor Wilhelm of Germany, and the Queen of the Belgium (Anna Pavlova Diesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 1996). In 1910 upon Anna Pavlovas return to Russia from her first American tour she was summoned to the royal box by the late Czar Nicholas to congratulate her. In one of the chronicles Anna Pavlova quoted the Czar telling her: I so much regret that despite all I hear about your wonderful swan dance I have never seen it. Yet I am called one of the absolute monarchs(Anna Pavlova Diesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, 1996). Anna performed throughout North and South America during the days of World War I. Her passion to dance and travel eventually brought Anna to Japan and India. In 1927 Anna went on another tour to the Scandinavian capitals, where King Christian presented her with a gold medal after seeing her performance in Copenhagen (Anna Pavlova Diesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦,1996). Circling around the world with her company, Anna Pavlova covered 350 000 miles and hence was named the most traveled of all artists at that time (Anna Pavlova Diesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦, 1996). As time passed from her first debut Anna Pavlovas repertoire grew and was influenced by foreign cultures and new styles of dance. Such influences were new choreographies and changes in classical ballet technique; for example the changes brought by Isadora Duncan, a rebel-dancer who initiated the creation of modern dance. However, Anna remained a more conservative classical dancer: in her companys repertoire she kept ballet classics as Giselle and Sleeping Beauty. Anna had two popular signature pieces in her career; they were Bacchanale and The Swan (The Legendaryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦,n.d.). Her Private Life and Marriage: In 1912 Anna Pavlova bought an expensive house in London, which bore the name Ivy House, where there was a pond and a garden. Since the dancer was fascinated by feathers and was fond of watching birds, Anna decided to have pet swans in her pool. Watching them, she believed, helped her to improve the mastery of her swan dance (Kent, 1996). During her last American tour in 1924-1925, Anna Pavlova announced her marriage with Victore dAndre, her accompanist. She commented on her marriage the following way: For an artist there is no husband. Pavlova the artist and Pavlova the wife, they are two very different persons, so I keep them separate. My dancing belongs to the world, but my husband to myself (Anna Pavlova Diesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦,1996). Soviet Russia: During the Soviet time, Anna Pavlova was helping dancers in Soviet Russia by sending them financial aid. For 10 years Anna had been supporting dancers in London and Marianski Theater of Ballet in Leningrad by sending them an annual financial aid of $500. In 1929 this information became known to the Bolsheviks. The small unofficial committee of three that managed the funds from Anna Pavlova was reprimanded for accepting aid from the emigrant dancer, a darling of wicked capitalist audiences in Europe and America (Anna Pavlova Dies, 1996). Death: Anna Pavlovas death came suddenly. It was January 1931 when Anna took a three week vacation at Christmas to spend time with her family. At the end of her vacation Anna took a train to return to her work at the Hague. There was an accident that happened on the way, so Annas train had to stop. Curious of what happened, Anna Pavlova wearing a light coat on top of silk pajamas stepped off the train into the snow. Shortly thereafter, Anna came down with double pneumonia (Kent, 1996). Two Dutch physicians and her own Russian doctor, Professor Valerski, fought to save the life of a great ballet dancer. The doctors performed an emergency operation to remove excess fluid from Anna Pavlovas lungs. After the operation, the dancer was treated with Pasteur vaccine; however it was too late to cure Anna. Anna Pavlova died at 12:30 in the morning on January 23rd, 1931 (Anna Pavlova Diesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦,1996). As Anna Pavlova was dying her last wish was to prepare her swan costume. The following eveni ng when her company performed The Dying Swan, when it was Annas part, the curtain opened to an empty stage. Conclusion: In conclusion, Anna Pavlova the Russian ballet legend, from a very young age was almost destined to be a great dancer. When she was a very small girl she took an interest to ballet. At a very young age Anna was accepted to the prestigious imperial school of ballet. After being accepted to the imperial school of ballet, Anna quickly showed uncanny skill at the art of dance. Anna quickly reached the rank of ballerina and one year later to prima ballerina. As a ballerina, Anna was offered the chance to perform The Dying Swan with the choreographer Michael Fokine. In 1909, Anna Pavlova began performing abroad and travelled to many parts of the world performing in front of emperors, kings, queens, and Czars. Everywhere Pavlova went she was complemented by the noble elite she met. During the First World War, Anna performed her renowned plays in North and South America. Anna Pavlova was a highly classical dancer and stuck to the ideals of classical ballet even after the advent of modern dan ce. Later in 1912, Anna decided to buy an expensive house in London named Ivy House. Anna was so absorbed by swans that she had a few pet swans at her home. However, Anna Pavlova was not only a great dancer, she was a philanthropist, she donated money to the Marianski school of theater in Leningrad. She sent financial aid to students of dance like herself back in Russia. At the time of Anna Pavlovas death, she was known from America to Asia and not merely famous, but infamous. She was a great dancer with a tragic end of life story. She was best known for her dance The Dying Swan, where she imitated the swans movements more gracefully than any other dancer of her time. Although Anna Pavlova was honored to meet many famous people, all the people she met greeted her as a legendary dancer.

West Nile Virus: The Silent, Deadly Killer :: Essays Papers

West Nile Virus: The Silent, Deadly Killer Webster’s defines a virus as being a ultramicroscopic infectious agent that replicates itself only within cells of living hosts. In the article, â€Å"A New Transcontinental Disease: The West Nile Virus,† by Alicia Campbell and H. Michael Dreher, the authors describe exactly what the virus is, the history of the virus, and how to treat it. It was published in 2002 in Medsurg Nursing because the virus itself was becoming more and more of a threat to the public welfare. In order to fully understand the virus and its complex makeup, extensive research and case studies had to be made. After years of tracking the virus and its origins, tests conducted on how it was transferred from host to host and how exactly the public in general can protect itself from deadly viruses established a research base for further studies. The New York West Nile epidemic brought a lot of attention to the forgotten lethal virus. The virus is carried by the common North American mosquito. Viruses have existed among us for many years, and cause many very deadly outbreaks all across the globe. The virus can rapidly spread throughout an area in no time; host-to-host it spreads like a wild fire. From the author’s source, it is speculated that the HIV virus originated in Africa and Haitians carried the virus back to their homeland. The authors also tell us that many viruses originate within the depths of over populated forests causing the animals and insects to move on. As they progress to find a better location, they carry deadly viruses with them, infecting brand new regions. Today the West Nile virus continues to be a threat. The authors tell us that it is more than likely that we will see more cases of the virus across the United States as it is now widespread. Scientists tell us that the West Nile virus originated in Africa in 1937 and the first reported epidemic was reported in Israel. It is not known exactly how the virus reached Israel from Africa. The virus can also be found in animals, increasing the chances that a mosquito could land on an animal with the virus, infect it, and continue to carry the virus on to another host.

Bilibgual education Essay -- essays papers

Bilibgual education The Detrimental Effect of an Education in a Foreign Language California passed a proposition in 1997 that ended funding for teaching children solely in their native language. Instead of these programs, opulent citizens will provide funding for the English as a Second Language (ESL) program in California's public schools. These ESL classes will have non-native speakers learn subjects in English and their native language simultaneously. Even though the proposition passed, the issue of which plan is more beneficial continues to spark debate. On the one hand, ethnic groups say the law is unjust because their children cannot understand English. They argue that their children need to be taught in their native tongue. Most tax-paying residents of California endorse the new standard because their tax money is being used for their child's education, and not being used for teaching children in another language. Results are evident even though the ESL program has been used for only two years. T he ESL method is more effective because of the removal of flaws such as unnecessary costs to the taxpayer, slower advancement in grade level, and the detrimental effect to education in California. The primary fault of the old system was that California taxpayers were not receiving fair representation. In general, most taxpayers were English speaking, and Heda 2 consequently wanted English to be the language that was used in their schools. Most of the immigrant parents were in California legally but not paying taxes. Even though they were not paying for services such as a police force or fire protection, they still felt entitled to send their children to public school. Since their children did not speak English, they want... ...e their educational goals. It will boost their performance, because standardized tests and college application essays are in English. Attending a good college would now become possible for most students a result of a strong background in English. ESL will increase performance on standards that are used to evaluate an educational system. Heda 4 After only two years of being in effect in California, the ESL plan has shown dramatic corrections of the flaws of the old plan, which entailed educating non-native speakers in their native language. This old plan was deteriorating in entire scope of education in California. The ESL plan has eliminated a tax burden for the citizens, helped the development of the individual education, and has improved the California educational system. Over time this plan will enhance these effects and possibly create other positive by-products.

Inconsistent Roles Essay -- essays papers

Inconsistent Roles The Colonial era spans nearly two hundred years with each settlement in the New World containing distinctive characteristics. Location in the new world is one factor that shaped women’s lives but religion and economics also played a massive role. These roles however were constantly changing and often contradicting. Since there is numerous factors that contributed to the shaping of women’s private and public roles in the seventeenth and eighteenth century it is impossible to categories all colonial woman in one group. Some historians refer to this period as the golden age of women; however, I tend to see this period as oppressive, with only few examples of women exercising social and public powers. The vast amount of women who came to the New World in the earliest days of colonial settlement came as indentured servants to the Chesapeake region. The New World was underdeveloped and sparsely populated; therefore, the women were expected to not only perform their traditional female work but also engage hard manual labor. Early colonial women in some respects were allotted more freedom than women of latter generations; yet, this was not a product of ideology, but rather necessity. European men did not support the idea of equality and saw women as their inferior; however, female inferiority was minimized due to the harsh conditions affecting the entire populous of the New World. The women who lived out the duration of their contract or who were bought out of servitude were quickly married and just as quickly widowed. This factor granted women more power and access to land. Some widows would assert power through courts to guarantee claims to their deceased husbands land. Lois Green Carr and Lorena S. Walsh in The Planters Wife describe how many husbands left their entire estate to their widows entrusting them with the responsibility of managing his estate and dividing the land between their children. â€Å"A husband made his wife his executor and thus responsible for paying his debts and preserving the estate.† By today’s standards the practice of leaving property to a wife is the norm; yet, prior to seventeenth century this practice was virtually nonexistent. Carr and Walsh continue by stating, â€Å"Evidently, in the politics of family life women enjoyed great respect.† Therefore, while the Chesapeake colonies remained underdeveloped women ... ... been more emotionally pleasing but still the women remained distant from the outside public realm. The Quakers shared in an exceptional amount of equally that was never adopted or accepted by the dominant classes in the colonies. The last years of the colonial era did allow for increased rights and autonomy for women but it still was tangled with contradictions and in no respect could be deemed as the golden age of women. Bibliography: Lois Green Carr and Lorena Walsh, The Planter’s Wife: The Experience of White Women in Seventeenth-Century Maryland. The William and Mary Quarterly, October 1977, 556-557. Ibid. 557. Laurel Ulrich, Good wives, The Ways of her Household (Oxford University Press, 1983), 22. Ibid. 32. Nancy F. Cott, Roots of Bitterness: Documents of the Social History of American Woman, Examination Of Anne Hutchinson (Northeastern U. Press. Boston 1996), 3-10 Carol Karlsen, The Devil in the shape of a woman: Witchcraft in colonial New England (New York: W. W. Norton, 1987), 116 Linda K. Kerber, women of the Republic: Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America (Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1980), 38 Ibid. Chap. 4

11 & 12 Language related assignment Essay

Generative Context A woman student in Brighton walked home by herself late at night and was mugged. She was carrying a lot of cash, didn’t tell her friends she was leaving the club and walked down some dark steps. The next day I criticised her actions. 2. Meaning We use this form to express a critical attitude towards the past actions of someone else. (Advice after the event – Rosemary Aitken – Teaching Tenses – p. 138) 3. Form (subject) + should (+ not) + have + past participle 4. Phonemic transcription, including marking the main stressed syllables (Longman dictionary of contemporary English) Particular attention needs to be paid to the weak form of â€Å"have† and, possibly there may need to be some revision of the various pronunciations of the â€Å"ed† ending of the past participle 5. Concept checking questions (with answers), and, where appropriate, time lines, diagrams, pictures, etc Did she go home by herself? Yes Was it dangerous? Maybe Was it a good idea? No Am I criticising her? Yes Am I talking about the past or the future? The past Entirely accurate Accesses reference material & reference information learned about language to an appropriate source No evidence – even implicit – of appropriate source being referenced Evidence (even implicit) of some referencing of appropriate sources Plenty of explicit evidence of appropriately referenced research Uses written language which is clear, accurate and appropriate to the task Numerous errors

International Oil Security: Problems and Policies Essay

Energy security was a priority of the Bush Administration in 2001. In a larger context, global oil security is a major concern of the world, the United States in particular. Oil security is not about depleting reserves and having continuous supply to cover demand, but the real issue is the oil costs. International Oil Security involves two things: (1) oil producers control the supply and price of the commodity, and (2) volatile oil price creates have disruptive effects on macroeconomic situations. In the 1970s the downtrend and the inflation of industrialized economies were the results of oil price shocks. These price shocks were mostly caused by unanticipated and drastic changes in supply, demand, and inventory which were all destabilizing. Since the late 1990s OPEC controls the global oil market because it owns 45% of oil reserves and its global output share could double in the next decade. The oil market is a volatile one. When supplies are low, prices go up to meet the demand. A shock comes when there is big shift in the supply that send prices soaring. Such big swings may bring disastrous effects on the macroeconomic equation. The oil businessmen may cushion their financial risks without considering the oil-intensive component of the economy. The case of the US shows that: (1) effects on the US depends on its consumption of oil and not on its importation of oil, (2) it would be more expensive to increase its own supply and reduce its consumption, and (3) its military presence in the Middle East has nothing to do with oil imports. The Bush Administration’s thrust is to increase domestic oil production and lessen its reliance on oil imports, develop more efficient energy utilization and seek alternative and renewable energy resources. Legislations providing tax breaks and converting ANWR for oil exploration and production were passed. Still, increasing output will reduce the magnitude of oil shocks slightly by keeping the prices down and decreasing the intense effects of oil on the economy. ANWR appears to be a bad idea, primarily because of the social and environmental impact it carries. From a macroeconomic view, decreasing the oil intensity of its economy is paramount to ensuring its energy security. Cost-effective conservation measures and regulated minimal adjustments have insignificant effect on petroleum prices. It would take stronger policies to complement conservation and efficient utilization to boost its oil security efforts: (1) better management of oil reserves, (2) protection for the low-income sector who is most sensitive to price swings, (3) exploring other alternative fuel sources, (4) providing for energy use that ride the tide of price changes, and (5) developing non-fossil based fuels. In the final count, energy security can be had depending on the high costs of oil and the critical research and development needed.