Legalization of Marijuana Essay -- Illegal Drugs Narcotics essays rese

MarijuanaMarijuana is a big topic these days. Many raft expect to get in sure that ganja stays illegal. Yet they do not know all the facts about marijuana.They just think that marijuana is bad. I believe that marijuana should be madelegal.First of all, marijuana refers to the dried leaves and flowers of thecannabis plant, which contain the narcotic chemical THC at various potencies.It is take in or eaten to draw the feeling of being high. Marijuana hasbeen used for thousands of years for medical, social, relaxation, and religiousreasons. Several of our presidents are believed to have smoked it. Thosepresidents include Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, and many others. John F. Kennedysmoked it to relieve his back pain. Also, many of Americas great leaders werehemp farmers. This includes good ol George Washington. Archeologists believethat cannabis was possibly the first plant farmed by humans.Many people think that marijuana is addictive, but this is false.Marijuana is less habit form ing than either sugar or chocolate. When users takemarijuana, it doesnt lead to violence-related crimes. Most users commit crimebecause they want to get marijuana, but this problem can be easily solved if thegovernment would legalize marijuana again. When you take marijuana, it doesntmake you violent, in fact it leads to non-violence. there has never been a case that a person died from smoking marijuana.THC is one of the few chemic...

Assessment of The World is Flat and A Whole New Mind Essay -- Friedman

Assessment of The World is Flat and A Whole New MindThe far-flung adoption of new technologies serves as the driver behind societal alteration. With few exceptions, changes in the framework of society from politics to the individual have been wrought by economic changes that is, the onward march of societal progression can be traced to changes in the market. Thomas L. Friedman in The World is Flat argues that the recent shrinking of the human race in terms of communications has weakened the traditional stronghold America has held over white-collar professions. A similar point (to a degree) is argued by Daniel H. sound in A Whole New Mind, specifically that the weakening discussed by Friedman testament give rise to a demand for a more creative, synergetic, whole-picture flake of thought to which Americans are well capable of fulfilling. Ultimately, both works call for a shift of focus to a different set of skills and talent that Americans will need to not only survive, but thrive in the newly forming ball-shapedized or flat world. Ultimately, The World is Flat describes the effects technology, specifically the newabundance of cheap global telecommunications and the rapidly expanding and diversifying ways individuals and companies can take advantage of this cheap commodity, will have on the world as it moves into the 21stcentury. This newly created ability to effectively fall globally in a cheap and high quality manner, Friedman argues, arose from the ashes of the dot-com bubble, and it has monumental effects for China, India, and other developing nations, to the potential detriment of Europe, Japan, and the unite States. Since the United States et al can no longer compete with India and China or the ever more sophisticated sof... ...ld to a wide-range of differing groups of unique individuals in a sense, I can grasp the bigger picture of these three skills. That being said, in order to take advantage of the flat-world platform, I will have to expand my experience of technology to make use of the ten flatteners. Flat or Conceptual, either way, our new globalized world spells change for the white-collared worker of the millennium. Our interconnectivity and the availability of cheap labor yield a medium to which new skills must be learned and improved upon if success is to be found. Works CitedFriedman, Thomas L. The World is Flat. New York, New York. Farrar, Straus, Giroux. 2006. theme Telecommunications and Information Administration. Falling Through the Net Defining the Digital Divide. 2005.Pink, Daniel H. A Whole New Mind. New York, New York. Penguin Group USA. 2005.

What Purpose does Section one serve in a Reading of To Kill a Mockingbird? :: English Literature

What Purpose does Section one serve in a Reading of To Kill a Mockingbird?Section 1 of the newfangled To Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Leeestablishes the main style and themes of the narrative. It begins bygiving a brief summary of the history of the Finch family before saddle horse the scene for the main action of the novel. It introduces the subscriber to the main characters who will, Scout, Jem, Atticus and MissMaudie and some of the families who are relevant to the story, theRadleys and the Ewells. Some of the themes of the book become apparentin the first section and are then continued and elaborated on in the indorse half. Questions are also raised that arouse the readersinterest and aid them to read on.From the first page it becomes apparent to the reader the book iswritten in first person tense, but it is several pages before thereader is cognizant that the story is to be related by a six year-oldgirl. The protagonist of the novel is Scout, a proud, headstrong girlwho clai ms that she Never lovemakingd to read. One does not lovebreathing. The story begins by her commenting on events that do notbecome clear until the end of the novel. She says I maintain that theEwells started it all but she does not explain what they started andthe reader only discovers what she mode as more of the story isrevealed. This catches the attention of the reader, as their curiosityis aroused and they want to know what she is talking about.The writer then goes on to write a short history of the Finch familyand a description of each of the characters immediately involved inthe story Atticus, Calpurnia and Dill. This provides a background tothe events that are yet to happen and gets the reader to wish to knowmore about these people. The reader then becomes acquainted with theircharacters, attitudes and opinions and this provides the reader withsome knowledge of how they will react to the events that happen in thesecond part of the novel.The first chapter also describes the e vents relating to the Radleyfamily. It is a bit of a myth made from rumours that have been passedon from person to person until it the stories become completelyunbelievable. This is jesting because the reader female genital organ see throughScouts eyes and although these things are completely ridiculous theycan see that believes them. These events are not concluded and thereader can see that there will be more about this family in the second

Social Ostracism in Mark Twains Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay

Social Ostracism in Mark Twains Adventures of huckabackleberry FinnIn the words of Pap, You think youre bettern your father, now, dont you, because he cant read and write? (2). In Mark Twains adventure novel Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Huck Finn escapes from civilized guild to traverse the Mississippi River. end-to-end the book, Twain uses various themes such as social ostracism to comment on human nature and its role in shaping society. Sometimes mainstream society is not as right and moral as it believes, and when individuals try to justify it they push amodal value their own humanity. Twain demonstrates this through the various lifestyles, comparing the intellects and beliefs of unalike social classes, and Hucks conforming to each facet of society.One of the first instances Twain uses to portray sociological exclusion reveals itself in the contrast of lifestyles. end-to-end his life both prior to and after his murder, circumstances expose Huck to opposing ways of life inc luding but not limited to rich vs. distressing and simple vs. complex. Personifying middle-class society, Widow Douglass acts as a mother figure for Huck, deeming it her duty to sivilize (1) her adopted son, dressing him well and sending him to school. On the contrary, Pap observes that Youve Huck intrust on frills and swears to take him down a peg (14). The two family icons pull Huck in opposite directions, but as influential as they whitethorn be, Huck knows he does not have a place in either world. If anything, Huck identifies more with the simplicity of Paps natural way of life than with the materialism of the middle-class of society. Willfully shunning both Pap and Widow Douglas, Huck finds a way to keep Pap and the widow from pursual him instead of moving far enough off before they missed Huck (31). Furthermore, a contrast of the characteristics of men and women presents itself when Huck attempts a reconnaissance mission as a girl in St. Petersburg. Huck cannot go as himse lf because society would catch him and return him to what he escapes from, but the way men and women live is incompatible enough that they cannot impersonate each other. Although he practices and thinks he manages, Jims comment that Huck does not walk like a girl (41) does not do it justice. Almost instantly the woman Huck chooses to question sees through his disguise, explaining that Hi... ...inds a way to fit in only to find that he doesnt go badbelonging to all societies, yet none of them. The only place where he finds relative peace is on the river. It is the only place where there is nothing to scramble against. Huck is a misfit wherever he goes, rejecting and rejected by mainstream society and every other accepted society that he finds along the river.Throughout his locomote, Huck finds different ways of separating himself from society while being a part of it. He sees how quickly life changes and how lifestyles can affect a person. Further mint apart by his views, Huck forsakes traditional beliefs for superstition and the balance of luck. Through his journey along the Mississippi River, Huck also understands how much intelligence changes. relish no affinity for any aspect of mainstream society he experiences, Huck willingly spurns what he knows as humanity for the society that suits him. At the close of his journey when Aunt Sally makes plans to adopt Huck and sivilize Huck, Huck informs the reader that he has no desire to join high societyhe been there before (220).*The paranthetical documentation is for the capital of Delaware Thrift edition of the book.

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act Essay -- Healthcar

The Standards for solitude of Individually Identifiable wellness randomness, better known as the Privacy predominate, that took effect in April 2003 for large entities and a year later for small ones, was established as the first set of national standards for the protection of health information. This precept was issued by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services to meet the requirement of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA). The Privacy Rule was born start of a need for health information to be appropriately protected yet still allowing the health information to be shared to ensure step health care and to protect the publics health and well being. It allows for the protection of the hiding of the patient and yet it also permits vital uses of information.The Privacy Rule established a category of health information that a covered entity may only use or disclose to others in certain mountain and under certain conditions. Accordi ng to the National Institute of Health Publication Number 03-5388, the protected information is known as Protected Health Information (PHI) and includes individually identifiable health information transmitted by electronic media, maintained in electronic media, or transmitted or maintained in any other form or medium. However, it excludes education records covered by the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act, as amended, 20 U.S.C. 1232g, records described at 20 U.S.C. 1232g(a)(4)(B)(iv), and enjoyment records held by a covered entity in its role as employer. Covered entities are organizations that are subject to the Privacy Rule. Three types of covered entities are 1) Health Plans - which are individual or group plans that provide or pay the cost of medi... ... and HIPAA, Does instant access and availability from mobile technology jeopardize patient privacy? Electronic version Nursing Management, June 2007, 38-40Martin, J. (2008). Whos looking at your medical records? COPD Connection.com Retrieved November 12, 2011, from http//www.healthcentral.com/copd/c/19257/30481/commentsRobertson, L. (2008). Whos looking at your medical records? Electronic version Saturday Evening Post, 280.3, 54-92, Consumer Health Complete.Protecting ain Health Information in Research Understanding the HIPAA Privacy Rule, NIH Publication Number 03-5388. Retrieved November 12, 2011 from http//privacyruleandresearch.nih.gov/pr_02.asp Summary of the HIPAA Privacy Rule, Office of Civil Rights Privacy Rule Summary, (2003). Retrieved November 12, 2011 from http//www.hhs.gov/ocr/privacy/hipaa/understanding/summary/privacysummary.pdf

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act Essay -- Healthcar

The Standards for Privacy of Individually Identifiable wellness In work outation, better known as the Privacy Rule, that took effect in April 2003 for hulking entities and a year later for small ones, was established as the first set of national standards for the treasureion of health information. This rule was issued by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services to meet the requirement of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA). The Privacy Rule was born out of a need for health information to be appropriately protected yet still allowing the health information to be shared to ensure quality health care and to protect the publics health and well being. It allows for the protection of the privacy of the patient and yet it also permits vital uses of information.The Privacy Rule established a social class of health information that a cover entity may only use or disclose to others in certain circumstances and under certain conditions. gib e to the National Institute of Health Publication Number 03-5388, the protected information is known as Protected Health Information (PHI) and includes individually identifiable health information transmitted by electronic media, maintained in electronic media, or transmitted or maintained in any other form or medium. However, it excludes education records covered by the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act, as amended, 20 U.S.C. 1232g, records described at 20 U.S.C. 1232g(a)(4)(B)(iv), and employment records held by a covered entity in its role as employer. Covered entities are organizations that are subject to the Privacy Rule. Three types of covered entities are 1) Health Plans - which are individual or group plans that provide or pay the cost of medi... ... and HIPAA, Does instant access and availability from mobile technology jeopardize patient privacy? Electronic version Nursing Management, June 2007, 38-40Martin, J. (2008). Whos looking at your medical records? COPDC onnection.com Retrieved November 12, 2011, from http//www.healthcentral.com/copd/c/19257/30481/commentsRobertson, L. (2008). Whos looking at your medical records? Electronic version Saturday Evening Post, 280.3, 54-92, Consumer Health Complete.Protecting Personal Health Information in Research Understanding the HIPAA Privacy Rule, NIH Publication Number 03-5388. Retrieved November 12, 2011 from http//privacyruleandresearch.nih.gov/pr_02.asp Summary of the HIPAA Privacy Rule, Office of Civil Rights Privacy Rule Summary, (2003). Retrieved November 12, 2011 from http//www.hhs.gov/ocr/privacy/hipaa/understanding/summary/privacysummary.pdf

Fashion Boutique Industry of Kathmandu

Management in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Business Administration. This proposal writing assignment was point by our course instructor Mr.. Parkas C. Battier and with his help and my interest I selected the topic An Overview of the counterfeit Boutique Industry of Nepal. I whollyow always been interested in contrive. When I was given this opportunity to do a project work on the interest of my choice, I had no doubt it was going to be relate with the invent sedulousness of Nepal. The devise fabrication worldwide castms to be at its glamorous eight, having its reach from New York to Paris to London and Tokyo.All over the globe the latest trends travel so fast that fashion designers ar busy making forecasts for each and every season and occasion they can think of. The modern technologies, media, and the entertainment patience feature propelled mood into new, unforeseeable heights. People everywhere are becoming more and more c ontrive conscious and the Naples are non behind. The increasing keep down of trendy dress shops in Nepal and almost every major street being lined up with fashion and clothing stores show thither is a locomote demand for high fashion among the modern Naples.The fashion industry is very lucrative and its mountain range is unlimited. Nepal, being such a culturally and naturally divers(prenominal) untaught, has a lot of inspiration for the fashion industry. If this diversity can be converted into creativity and be sustainable entrenched in the fashion industry of Nepal through the fashion boutiques, this industry would ultimately have a very unique image, so much so that Nepal should also consider it as a probable forte. To understand the menstruation Naples fashion boutiques industry and see the area of potential in it, who better to ask than boutique owners?These are the spate who are in the industry who know round fashion, designs, and trends ultimately shaping the Naples fashion industry into new sours. They are the battalion who are learning about what is mishap in the industry right now and what lead or should happen in the future of the fashion industry of Nepal. So, I have decided to resume the boutique owners of the Splendor area of Paten since that seems to be the centre point of the boutique industry of capital of Nepal valley. With this research, I hope to understand the current market of fashion boutiques in Nepal and discover its constraints as well as potential domain.I have always been fascinated by the fashion industry. It is a mixture of art, pop culture, ideas and creativity. The fashion industries everywhere in the world are on new levels while the Naples fashion industry is still in its infancy. One of the major components of the total fashion industry of Nepal is the fashion boutique industry. Being a business student, I see considerable scope in this industry since it has a constantly festering market and it has the abilit y to revive itself with the changing times because of the creativity of the designers involved.I chose to research about he fashion boutique industry to see where the boutiques stand in the Naples fashion industry at the moment, to examine the constraints imposed for its growth and to assess its possible scope. As a result, I want to find out whether there is a possibility that it will stand and even compete in the same level with the imported off-the-shelf industry of Nepal in the future. The questions that I would ilk to address in this study are 1. What is the current say of fashion boutique industry in Nepal? 2. What are the factors that are hindering the growth of the boutiques of Nepal? . What is the scope of the fashion boutique industry in Nepal? 4. What should be done to propel the fashion boutique industry into an established and respected industry in the country? 1. 3 Objectives of the Study 1. 3. 1 General Objective The main objective of this research is to find out t he actual call forth of the boutique industry of Katmandu I. E. The present state, constraints and the future scope of the industry. 1. 3. 2 Specific objectives 1. To understand the current state of the fashion boutiques in Katmandu. 2. To secernate the constraints faced by the fashion boutiques 3.To identify the scope and opportunities for the fashion boutique industry 1. 4 Importance of the study Fashion is important to almost everyone. Gone are the days where clothes were besides utilise to hide your body or protect it. These days, clothing and style plays a huge role in peoples lives. Every day, we see hundreds of people. Whether we see them on the street, at work, at school, or on television, people pass through our visual field. It may be intentional or unintentional but we form opinions about people based on their style of dress.This study will be useful in grounds the current state of fashion boutique industry of Nepal. It will help to determine, as well as, understand the obstacles and constraints faced by the boutique owners of Nepal. It will even help to understand about the state of mind of the Naples in terms of the connection between fashion and boutiques, and also about the influences of international fashion in Nepal. With the completion of this research, areas of potential or scope of the boutique industry or where this industry should be heading will be clear and the possibility of generation of market in fashion will be illustrated.This research will be helpful to anyone who wants a glimpse of the fashion boutique industry of Nepal. It will also be helpful to those people who will want to go in the boutique industry in the future, for creative or business purposes, as the project will illuminate where this industry is heading. 1. 5. Limitations of the study This study is not absolutely free from limitations the limitations that may be observed are as follows a. Since the study use primary and standby info in regularize to prepare rep ort, the info collection might be influenced by social crisis and own(prenominal) influence of the data collector. . As the study is to be conducted by the students themselves, many opportunities to conduct a detailed market research may e lost due to budget and time constraints. C. The primary data used in this research will be from only a random sample of boutiques, which may not reflect the opinions of the boutique owners of the entire industry. D. The secondary data used in this research is limited as no such research has been done in Nepal in the past. E. The study may pretermit exact information because it is based on the opinions and information provided by the surveyed boutique owners. F.Certain information may be based on approximation. G. Many of the respondents may not answer the questions provided in the questionnaire. Fashion, design and clothing can incorporate a wide range of different activities These days, almost everything is related to fashion, from cars to arc hitecture to stationery (AS credit y Formican, 2008). However, in this report, when we refer to the fashion sector we will be using the term in its most traditional sense as the original fashion sector that has expanded to incorporate other parts of our life the clothing sector and fashion in terms of the way people dress.Apparel products are typically classified into broad categories, such as basic commodity products (knit underwear and socks), fashion-basic products (dress shirts, casual slacks, and knit sportswear), better fashion (moderately priced dresses and suits), bridge fashions (higher priced ready-to-wear fashion products), designer collections (high quality and expensive ready-to-wear fashion products) and custom-made haute couture (Abernathy, et al. , 1999).These fashion categories are often portrayed in a fashion profit in which products are arrayed according to factors such as fashion content, length of product life cycle, quality, and price (see Figure 1). The Fa shion Pyramid much Fashion Content More crossway Differentiation Designer Greater Demand Uncertainty Collections Higher Quality Fabric Higher Price Shorter Product Cycles Shorter Production Runs diagram 2 The Fashion Pyramid (Derringer & Cretan, 2006). The boutiques of Nepal fall in the category of Better Fashions or Bridge Fashion collections.A boutique is a short shop outlet, especially one that specializes in elite and fashionable items such as clothing and Jewelry. In terms of Nepal, boutiques are a small shopping outlets specializing in fashionable ready-to wear items, as well as a home to the boutique owners creations. Dozens of boutiques and fashion aim companies lining up from commercial traveller Bridge to Himalayan Hotel in Expandable is enough to indicate that fashion has already grown up as an entrepreneurship in Katmandu. Youth have started to see a good prospect in fashion as entrepreneurship.National Institute of Art and Fashion intention, India Education Center , Unman College of Fashion Technology, Alkaloid Institute of Fashion Designing and Lord Buddha Education Foundation are some of the institute offering fashion education in Nepal. The scene in the Nepal fashion industry is not quite bleak indeed. Fashion boutiques are growing in Katmandu and in other cities like Dharma, Pokka, Butyl, and Bipartisan, too (Timpanist, 2009). Small fashion boutiques remain to have certain advantages over larger retail formats.It is found that find that small fashion boutiques excel in relational marketing and store branding. Small boutiques operators assign their effort in relational marketing by developing friendship with a group of core customers and supplying accurate fashion information to all customers. Although small fashion retailers cannot afford to have specialized marketing staff or a budget for mass media advertisements, their mall size put them in a position to develop relational marketing with their customers much more thoroughly and deeply than large fashion retailers.Also, small fashion boutiques effectively exonerate store brand equity through flexible visual merchandising and cultivating a charismatic image for the operator. (Chew, 2009) The marketing of boutique follows the conventional marketing patterns, which is restricted on selection of venue of the outlets and the product mix (designs and sizes), as well as the promotional strategy. Furthermore, the boutique owner has to marketing techniques like -Displaying and distributing it as strait-laced places Usage of electronic media I. E. Rejection of the boutique in fashion programs, advertisement on television, and provision of dresses to various television plays and films. -Even arrangement like fashion shows and photo-shoots Moreover, in send to keep abreast with the emerging trends and client tastes, surveys regarding customer satisfaction/needs should be regular feature of the project. As this project deals in designer women wear, therefore the product mix will comprise of different styles of the distaff dresses in different sizes. Fashion is in an era of change driven by designers, consumers and brands.The fashion industry today, in Nepal like in India, is a mixture of influences due to globalization resulting in a shift in the socio-cultural, economic, demographic and cryptographic groom up of the country these directly and indirectly have an impact on fashion (Insight Inshore, 2011). From the many fashion schools, institutes and other small scale institutes, there has been a birth of a new breed of experimental designers with no reservations about any mode of self expression. There is a rise of new lead groups across the diverse sub-continent.Further, there is an increased awareness of fashion accelerated by advances in technology and media proliferation (Insight Inshore, 2011). Boutiques currently have a high potential market, but something missing. There is a shallow awareness of diverse target segments there isnt an in-de pth understanding to identify diverse requirements & new segments. There is an ability to name the effect of regular media influences on existing target groups, dependence on western trend adaptations there isnt an ability to forecast fashion adaptations across a diverse map (Insight Inshore, 2011).There is a traditional static, consumer-research eased approach to design & strategy there isnt a dynamic approach driven by an understanding of trends, and shoppers along with traditional consumer research. There is mostly independent design and business strategies there isnt a cohesive design and business strategy that is borne out of trend, consumer & shopper research. 1. 7 Conceptual framework In Nepal, small fashion boutiques that provide its clients with custom-made as well as ready-made innovative designs of clothing.They are becoming more and more popular, as seen by their presence in every major street of the Katmandu valley. It is essential to analyze their current state so th at the future or scope of the boutique industry can be accurately predicted. Purpose of boutiques Cost Customers Socio-economic changes Political scenario Area of expertise Regulations Resource management Competition Diagram 1 Conceptual Framework In this context, this study has made the framework given below to get a glimpse of the fashion boutique industry of Nepal.Here, by getting an idea of the purpose of boutiques, cost and their customers, we can get a pretty good idea about the current state of fashion boutiques of Nepal. From the current state, the future of this industry can be illuminated by exploring the opportunities of this industry such as changes in the socio-economy of the country, finding particular areas of expertise or niche, and expanding resource base. But the growth of the industry is hindered to a certain extent by factors such as competition, regulations of governments, and the political scenario of the country.All this is illustrated in the framework above. 1. 8 seek Methods 1. 8. 1 Study Area The study was conducted by surveying the boutique owners of Katmandu valley, primarily of the Splendor area of Paten. The boutiques were randomly selected and surveyed. I chose this particular lieu for my study because it is one of the thriving places for boutiques and fashion in Nepal right now, as seen with the entire road being lined up with boutiques on either side. 1. 8. 2 Research Design The main purpose of this study is to give more information about fashion industry of Nepal.Hence, with the help of this study, we come to know about the current state of fashion boutique industry and find its potential scope that is very important for the people who have an interest in this industry, for personal or professional purposes. Therefore, the research design is descriptive in nature. 1. 8. 3 Nature and Source of data Both primary and secondary data were used for the study. Since the study use both sources of information, both qualitative and q uantitative data were utilized for the study. To get information on this study about the current state of fashion boutique industry, various published articles were used.And in order to learn about the future scope of the fashion industry and current market as well, primary data was viewed. Primary data was collected from the randomly selected boutique owners of Splendor and secondary data and information was collected from various published articles and reports, though very little secondary data was used. 1. 8. 4 Data Collection Techniques The structured questionnaire was used to collect the primary data for the study is attached in Annex 2. A set of structured questionnaire was developed to conduct interviews with owners of fashion boutiques.All the information that includes the current market, constraints and scope of the fashion industry was asked with the help of the closed questionnaire. For the take procedure, 20 boutiques were elected and the owners of those boutiques were asked questions about their understandings and opinions of the boutique and fashion industry of Nepal. The convenience sampling technique was made use of in the study area. 1. 8. 5 Data Analysis and Report Writing All the collected data has been properly processed by entering the collected data in the computer package SIPS.In SIPS, through the use of various mathematical and statistical tools, the collected data has been refined and analyzed. Different tables, charts, diagrams and graphs have been used as applicable. All these findings have en presented well in the summer project report. CHAPTER II DATA ANALYSIS AND MAJOR FINDINGS This chapter is the heart of the report. The questionnaires filled by participants are tabulated and analyzed in order to come closer to our objectives. That very analysis is mainly presented in this chapter with the help of figures and charts.Questionnaire brief 20 boutique owners of Splendor had filled out the questionnaire (prototype in Annex) I had p rovided them with. Below, the answers provided by them are analyzed in order to understand the fashion boutique industry of Nepal and explore its scopes and threats. Note The words boutique owner and designer are used interchangeably as in case of this report, they both are the same person. In some of the charts and graphs, the total response has come to more than 20 because some respondents have treated the question as multi-response questions.Data Presentation and Analysis 1 . Current state of fashion boutique industry The current state of the boutique fashion industry largely depends on the character, nature, and skill levels of the ones who control the industry I. E. The boutique owners. Presented below is a graph illustrating the basic demography (education level and ender) of those very owners. Figure 1 Education and gender of boutique owners Field study, 2011 As we can see here, 90% of the boutique owners are female while only 10% of them are male.This isnt a big surprise be cause it is usually women who are more interested in fashion and trends in public in most societies. Also, all of the owners have completed their bachelor level and some have even achieved their masters degree. From the surveys filled out by them, it is seen that all of them have done some kind of course or training related to fashion or design such as Diploma in Fashion Designing, Bachelor in Fashion Design, etc. Some have even gone abroad for their trainings, such as Sunlit Martha Sahara, owner of Jaeger who studied in Metro Design Institute of North Carolina, USA.We can clearly see from the study that currently, all the boutique owners of Katmandu are highly trained professionals with wide knowledge and training in their fields. 1. 1 Purpose When the boutique owners were asked why they had decided to open a boutique and Join the industry, the results were as follows Figure 2 Purpose of opening boutiques A staggering 90% of the boutique owners claim to have opened a boutique bec ause hey have a passion for designing and creating new things.Only 10% have chosen this field for other reasons. In the questionnaire, these 10% of the owners have mentioned that they chose this field because they wanted to earn money with their creativity and skills that they feature as designers. We see that most boutique owners have chosen to be in this field because they followed their heart. As we have already established in the insane asylum part of this project that fashion boutiques are small shopping outlets specializing in fashionable ready-to wear items and custom-

New Privacy Issues Related to Cyberspace Objective Essay

Select three organizations within the same industry for analysis 1. Students should pick one industry from the displayed list below, and within that single industry, name 3 organizations for analysis. (BANKS-JP Morgan Chase, Citigroup, and Wells Fargo) 2. Describe the perpetration of for each one (from their website), and examine and compare details of each stated privacy policy, then 3. For each organization, recommend policy changes that go out enable each organization to (a) use sensitive customer reading to increase business advantage and gainfulness, and (b) also nurture customer personal information to avoid possible privacy or liability issues.You may need to use trade journals and newspaper stories in your reference list. However, try to avoid judgement pieces (like blogs) that may not be factual. You may state your own opinions, but these must be strengthened by scholarly references. Table of Contents1. establishment2. Industries missions and privacy policiesa. JP M organ Chaseb. Citigroupc. Wells Fargo3. Recommended policy changes to increase business advantage and profitability a. Also include the good aspects of current policy that increases business advantages and profitability 4. Recommended policy changes to protect customer personal information to avoid possible privacy or liability issues a. Also include the good aspects of the policy that protect the customers information5. ConclusionJP Morgan Chase Mission StatementJPMorgan Chase & Co. is a leading global financial services firm and one ofthe largest banking institution in the United States, with operations worldwide. JPMorgan Chase conducts operations in more than 60 countries and has assets amounting to over $2trillion and its corporate headquarters are located in New York City. Their mission statement is as follows At JPMorgan Chase, we believe that being profitable and doing good works for the people and the world around us arent exclusive of each other theyre integrated goals. Wh en our business is strong and well governed, were in a better position to translate positive financial results into sustainable community and environmental efforts that benefit everyone.

Religion in Modern Society Essay

Religious teachings often begin with the ideals of finding inner peace, or aiding those in need, yet, solely over the centuries, these religions pose merely become a means of facilitating the ambitions and desires of those who be in power. Many faiths disguise and warp themselves in a way that sets reality aback, and makes case-by-case existence seem all the less valuable. Over millennia, scriptures subscribe to been modified countless times, becoming form-fitted duplicates that vary according to the era, or to whatever purpose much(prenominal) an alteration might serve. Recently (relatively speaking), the addition of the media has served as a method of promotion and persuasion, ranging all the way from trivial, street-side advertising to mass conversions and the attempting of subtle, influencing techniques. Worst of all, innumerable lives have come to a horrifying and ghastly end simply because of conflicting beliefs and there is no end in sight. religion, as it has develope d, has become harmful, and, contrary to its pilot film purpose, a terrible burden to society.All religions, no matter who believes in them or where they originated, argon convinced that they are the primary source of all set up thought and righteous action. It is widely known that, no matter who is preaching to you, they are telling you that what they believe is the truth. The fact is that all religions began as word of verbalise or a generalized belief. These have been put into writing, rewritten, translated, outdated and rewritten once again. Its not likely that everything in such scriptures should be taken as the imperious truth, with no room for compromise or alternative. Believably, thousands of facts that could clarify a topic were lost in the process of doing exactly that.Such views of absolute and total employment with the scriptures will mask the true meaning of the religion as a whole, and will deter the logical reasoning and thought processes incurred by reasonable doubt. worldly concern can no longer function in a place where there is no mugwump thought, and that is why so many people are misinterpreting their religion, and taking it far to literally. Errors in judgment, occurring over millennia, have resulted in terrible consequences to both believers and non-believers. When religion provides such simple answers to the most complex questions, it even demotes the question into and further development of our society as a whole. Without such answers we will remainprimal and inadequate, and our evolution may grind to a halt.Many religions are becoming wide-spread epidemics, as they are opening their arms and gathering those who would otherwise run astray. The culture in which adept develops will (with some exceptions) solely follow ones religion and, overall, their moral code and beliefs. When outside influences begin to affect these cultures, people begin to question themselves and all that they believe. This is what the media, the missiona ries, and even local societies are developing into a campaign of cultural uniformity. Christians, for example, have intruded on African soil for centuries, claiming that they are rescuing the countless souls from certain damnation. I am sure that what these independent (even secluded) societies really wanted to hear was that if they do not believe in exactly what they are told to, they are doomed to spend an eternity in the blinking(a) depths of Hell.Granted, there is a certain period of transition during the attempted conversions. This is a period where the Christian religion seems to adapt to and encircle the given culture, twisting its scriptures to decent conform to the situation. Yet, this is simply an easier method of religious transformation, and it assigns no consideration for the subjected peoples or the catastrophic revolutions that they are about to be included in. Even the obvious figurehead of churches or the not-so-obvious clergy affects the mentality of those expo sed to it. There appears to be no other alternative, and, therefore, society will bias their views according to those of the religion that engulfs them.Not all religions, nor all people of these religions, are as horrible as I may have portrayed them quite the contrary. There are those who are true believers. They show a unique respect to peoples of other faiths and beliefs, and understand (more in retrospect than anything else) the trouble that fanatics of any religion may rouse. Their presence brings no consolidation, though, because these people have no real power. They are the ones that sit back and contemplate the whole purpose and meaning of their beliefs. It is the ones who want action (which may be seemingly positive, with a unbeknown negative impact) that are willing to step to the forefront and deliver the righteous justice this world has been awaiting. Insightful,and truly righteous individuals do tread our Earth, plainly all hope of their resurgence seems lost once it i s realized that these people are a rare breed, and that mating season is long over.The amount of individuals massacred because of their beliefs is uncounted. Religion has served the purpose of allowing an excuse for very heinous criminal acts, which often occur in mass proportions. Our Christocentric society can only see one expression of a whole, and we regard the beings that worship such gods as Ala (SP) as horrible sadists when they kill in his name, yet this is the most prominent and ignorant form of deceit to date. Many Christians unknowingly believe that, because they worship God and Jesus Christ, they have the given right to use His name to serve their own designs. This is likely one of the worst possible misinterpretations, and has inarguably the most irreversible consequences. Ruining other human lives, not only those of the ones that are killed, captured, raped, or tortured, but those of the loved ones close to them, is no honourable sacrifice.God (or any other true god- like being), would not condone such actions, even if it were for the sake of his children. Nations can instill massive propaganda campaigns, and pound the martyr-related beliefs into their citizens skulls, with dwarfish or no retribution. The citizens (mostly those of the applied faith) will be convinced that their god wills these actions, and that it must be done for the sake of their future. The best example of this is the Ku Klux Klan, who has taken the Christian belief to a totally obscene level, and deciphered their base-religion in an unbearably clumsy manner. It seems a horrible fate, to be ordered (by your god, of course) to leave everything behind and gainsay over something that will so obviously never be resolved.With all of the trouble in our world today, its disconcerting to know that religion is a contribute factor. Even more so after we have been told of the attributed attainment, and the possibility of its bliss and sanctuary within our miniscule existence. All of our misguidings, misdirections and misinterpretations are being unraveled, and worsening throughout the course of time. This, and the subjective persuasion and manipulation we bestow upon ourselves will convey our impending death and destruction, as it mayinevitably continue to contribute to the gyrate degradation of our existence in this universe.

Educational Entry Level for Professional Nurses

Educational Entry Level for headmaster Nursing Practice The beginning(a) position paper calling for baccalaureate degree as the minimum requirement for entry into professional nursing was released in 1965 by the the Statesn Nurses Association. This stimulates an ongoing frustrating debate among nurses. The Occupational Outlook Handbook published by the US Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, nursing is the largest health care profession with 2. 5 million jobs and is projected to generate 587,000 more jobs between 2006-2016.Despite strength in numbers nurses are the least educated of all the interdisciplinary healthcare team members with whom they collaborate. Teams consist of physicians pharmacists, speech pathologists, and physical and occupational therapists. Patients are living longer than expected and health care providers need the ability to think critically and provide health care services at levels never before imagined. Each of these disciplines recognized the i mportance of higher education to deliver appropriate diligent care. The health care industry is changing rapidly.Because of advances in medicine, technology and lifesaving techniques. Patients have a discontinue chance of surviving traumatic injury, life threatening unhealthiness processes, and delicate surgical procedures that ever before. Results of various studies suggest baccalaureate prepared nurses are more likely to demonstrate professional behaviors important to patient safety. RNs educated at baccalaureate level or above have lower risk adjusted mortality rate order and lower rates of failure to rescue. The failure to rescue consociates to deaths in patients with serious complications.Nursing is a knowledge based profession. Researchers have found perceived differences that are particularly related to to education. These differences are perceived to be related to nurses with bachelors degrees Greater critical thinking skills Less task oriented much professionalism S tronger leadership skills More focused on continuity of care and outcome More focus on psychosocial components, communication and patient teaching. It is important to me for nursing to represent a conceivable profession that roduces the best independent critical thinking healthcare professionals that provide safe, quality patient care. It is important for nursing leaders and managers when evaluating patient outcomes as they relate to educational levels of nurses. Current research by Linda Aiken found that patient outcomes are related to educational levels of RNs. The results of Aikens research also found that a 10% increase in nurses with BSN degrees caring for the patients decreased the risk of patient death and failure to rescue by 5%. Everyone in the healthcare governance would benefit from improved patient outcomes.Educational mobility to the BSN level is important to positive outcomes, creation of a reliable professional identity and unity among nurses. I cogitate the salari es of nurses are directly tied to our educational status. More agencies should utilize the human resources departments to develop tuition reimbursement programs and promote higher education of their employees. Educational institutions should develop committees to make research and look deeper in the nursing educational curriculum and provide surveys to obtain public opinion of nurse educational levels.A common purpose from the articles addressed the fact that resources need to be redirected to support baccalaureate entry and end licensure at the associated degree and diploma levels. The on or begins in fraternity colleges and end in four year degree granting institutions. The research included the need for funding to support community college and university collaborations. The development of an action plan for Professional Development is very important. Managers and leaders should include this process in performance improvement sessions and during coaching and counseling.Personal improvement of staff provides the promotion to a better position to assist others. Members of staff should consider returning to school, certification or credentialing, and participation on committees for educational advancement. A plan should be created to develop goals, follow-up goals and action plans frequently, set timelines and commit to completion. Nurses must move further along the educational continuum and prepare a strong well educated workforce. RNs are important to patient safety at any level of education and play a vital role in lowering mortality rates, preventing medical errors, and ensuring quality outcomes.Nurses with various levels of educational preparation will continue to practice for many years to come, but a decision about the succeeding(a) education of nurses needs to be made now. References Mark, B. , Salyer, J. , Wan, T. (2003) Professional nursing practice impact on organizational and patient outcomes. JONA 33(4 ), 224-234. Goodin, H. ( 2004) The shorta ge in the united states of America an integrative review of the literature Journal of Advanced Nursing 43 (4), 335-350. Nelson, M. (2002) Nursing practice looking backward into the future. Online Journal of Nursing. 7 (2) 43-66.

Google Financial Analysis

Google Competitive Strategy Financial Analsis 5. Have Googles business model and strategy proven to be flourishing? Should investors be impressed with the federations financial performance? How does the companys financial performance compare to that of Microsoft and hick? Please conduct a financial analysis to support your positionyou may wish to use the financial ratios presented in the Table 4. 1 of the text as a guide in doing your financial analysis of the company.Throughout the course of its life thus far as an entity, Google has enjoyed great success as one of the worlds trail search engine giants. Although the companys operations are extremely diversified, Google has taken strides since its initial offering in 2004 to establish its dominance over competitors in Internet advertising. Google continues to add products, services, and features to its arsenal, which in turn increases traffic to their websites and gives them increased opportunities to advertise.Googles original s tock price on the date of their IPO was $85, fast anterior eight years and the stock currently trades at $761. 78. Steps such as the acquisition of YouTube in 2006, the introduction of the Android in 2008, their Google TV initiative, and the go on development and sophistication of Google Apps, have all contributed to this almost 800% appreciation. While all of these strategic maneuvers have been more than satisfying for investors pockets, the bulk of Googles earnings uphold in advertising. In 2009, 96. 8% of Googles total revenue came from advertising, over half of which were ads outside the United States. It is misleading to compare Googles stock (GOOG) to that of Microsoft (MSFT) and yahoo (YHOO) solely on the basis of price, since their prices are exponentially lower than Googles because investors rely on dividend payouts rather than stock appreciation to provide returns. However, a more accurate depiction of performance kitty be observed when comparing the stock value of t he three firms on a percentage change basis.From January 2006 with December 2010, Googles stock appreciated 44. 35%. Compare this to Microsofts 6. 5%, Yahoos -57. 22%, and the S&P 500 forefingers -0. 86%. This shows that not only did Google significantly outperform its two major competitors it left the entire S&P index in the patter as well. Some other financial measures to consider are return on righteousness (ROE), earnings per share (EPS), and the current ratio. Return on fair-mindedness is a measure of the return shareholders are earning on their investment in the company. In 2010 Google reported ROE of 20. 8%, meaning that for every dollar of equity capital, they are earning over 20%. Compare this to Yahoos 9. 83% and Microsofts 43. 76%. Generally the higher the ROE, the happier the investors are. EPS on the other hand measures the companys earnings for each share of common stock outstanding. In 2010 Google boasted an EPS of $26. 69, whereas Yahoo and Microsoft reported pe r-share earnings of $0. 91 and $2. 13 respectively. This large gap can be attributed to the fact that Google has significantly less shares of common stock outstanding than the two competitors.Finally, the current ratio is a measure of the companys king to pay short-term obligations with readily available assets. In 2010 Googles current ratio of 4. 16 nearly doubled that of Yahoo and Microsoft who reported 2. 67 and 2. 13 respectively. This ratio demonstrates Googles superior liquidity in comparison with its competitors Not only has Google dominated market share in the industry, in 2010 Google was the worlds most-visited Internet site, with close to 147 million views each month.This goes hand in hand with the fact that people Google things when they need an answer, they dont Yahoo a suspicion or Bing it. Works Cited All historical stock prices, percentages, and figures were provided by Yahoo Finance. AAPL Summary for Apple Inc. Yahoo Finance. Yahoo Finance. N. p. , n. d. Web. 10 Apr. 2013. GOOG Summary for Google Inc. Yahoo Finance. Yahoo Finance. N. p. , n. d. Web. 10 Apr. 2013. YHOO Summary for Yahoo Inc. Yahoo Finance. Yahoo Finance. N. p. , n. d. Web. 10 Apr. 2013.

Equity law in New South Wales Essay

The Legal system in Australia follows the faithfulnesss that were placed by the British as they fused most of their cultures and traditions on the people when they colonized the aboriginals. Since in England the jurisprudences of faithfulness were in the main used together with the common justice, then it was certain that they would use the aforementioned(prenominal) equity rules in NSW. Enacting these laws on a new country and state was non easy as the people were opposed to the idea of following side law. They viewed this as an unfair practice as they were governing their land and every aspect of their lives and on top of it they were going to impose their judicial systems.With time, they were overpowered by the British but with time they saw sense in the laws that were being passed. The laws of England were thus enacted to be used in the judicial systems across Australia and this included tender southeast Wales. equity was one of the laws that were used in England to s upplement the common laws that governed the land. Equity is as much all important(predicate) in New South Wales as it withal is in England because it has helped in shaping the judicial system. The first courts in New South Wales (NSW) were adaptive to the needs of the society and were more so military in character.There was no formal process of proceedings and the powers of the governor were restricted. As time elapsed, the Supreme Court came to being to solve criminal and civil cases solely as the way the Kings Bench operated in England. The equity law was going to bring roughly order in a system that was not fair to some people and they were simply going to add positive laws that would ensure that NSW laws were heavyer, more practicable and could give varied solutions to the various problems in place. Equity law in most Australian states was administered since early times by the Supreme Court.Most states followed the judicature system where the both the common and upright la wsuits were heard in the same court. New South Wales started incorporating the equity law in to its legal system in 1972 where specialists practitioners who mastered the law oversaw the proceedings which be still followed till today. This has increased the popularity of the equity law which has enabled the development and enhancements of the common law doctrines. Equity law is made on the fundamental principle of enhancing equitable in legal issues .The study of the equity law principles as used in England has really helped in the restructuring law procedures and making them simpler for the law enforcers as good as the parties involved to understand. One of the beas that the equity law has improved on in NSW is the contract law. The contract law has its foundations on the English common law practices with a few modifications in specific argonas. The contract laws as used in the state are also made upon the various bids that halt been passed in the Australian parliament.Equity h as helped in the formation of contract law and the procedures that need to be followed when a particular party breaches the contract. The laws formed are what are mostly used to govern swop proceeding local, regional and international and employment contracts under the labour laws. In solving contact cases, the NSW courts, they usually look at how several cases were or are still handled in England courts such as in their court of appeals, Kings Bench, House of Lords UK and Courts of Common Pleas UK among other courts so that they discharge implement the same principles.Most of New South Wales acts had provisions to give relief against some contract obligations and sometimes to reform the contracts. That is wherefore over the century in that respect have been contractual reforms to give freedom to the contract theory that sometimes would dent interference in other forms of laws. Equity in that respectfore has played a major part in unjust enrichment and restitution of the law. Property laws also follow equitable principles in New South Wales. This is taken from how in England there was a need for people were supposed to be returned to the original positions they were in before damage or loss of property took place.Equity therefore, offers practicable equipment casualty of solving lawsuit cases. For example, when a person takes someones property and they do not return it. The owner filing the case would analogous to have it back instead of just being compensated in monetary terms. This is in contract to the common law system which will only chafe sure that the plaintiff is paid in replace for the property. Therefore, equity is not achieved in this case. This is applicable in the way property laws have been developed in NSW where in 1987 the Residential tenancies Act was placed giving certain rights to the owners of land or property and their tenants.This was in the form of an agreement that made sure that the tenants were not charged high rents and land lords gained from the rent they received. An Act for combining certain laws relating to land title deeds and assignments was enacted in 1898 in NSW. The Real Property Act was an overture of the 1898 laws that made legal provisions for the transfer of land and their titles. In 1919, the Conveyancing act was made to combine the property laws and enhance conveyancing and other acts that influenced it.In 1994, the Retail Leases Act was used to add onto the property laws so as to create formal laws that aided leasing of retail shops while stating the rights of the lessors and lessees. Equity was established in the corporations law and was used in England to govern and address the various problems that business entities faced. Some of the underlying principles that were used are seen in the way corporation cases are solved in the NSW for instance, in the termination of business practices like partnerships and mergers and the amount of compensation that either party is supposed to receive .Nowadays, the equity law in New South Wales is enforced under the integrity Reform (Law and Equity) Act of 1972. It is here that the rules of equity and also the law are listed and in case there are conflicts, just as before, the equity rules prevail. This act is continually amended by the State governor as need arises. The laws of England are therefore necessary in New South Wales because it is essentially an English state. The Supreme Court in NSW which is the highest level of court in the state handles both civil and criminal cases and follows the equity law.In mid 19th century, the colonialists in this case the British used a lot of the equity law in passing judgments and they even went come on to pass the Colonial Legislature Act and the Justice Act which led to the establishment of the Equity law system. In NSW, the equity law is all about fairness. The equity principles are still being used in amending some of the constitutional laws that apply to the rest of the country a nd are also applicable to the state.The equity law system is important in NSW as it gives the judge the power to make valid decisions and pass sentences based on evidence as wholesome as use morally agreed practices that will ensure that the plaintiff and defendant have been given an equal opportunity to defend themselves. One sweep that equity law is been use in is in the recovery of debts which are mainly faced by in national and also international trade transactions. Here, it states what actions are taken for people w ho breach contracts, the rights to own property as well as problems that face various business organizations like partnerships, corporations and trusts.From seeing how the equity law has helped in the administration of justice, we see that there is more to just learning the rules that are used in equity law but there is also a need to understand the history because the laws are developed as time, events and the context in which they are applied change. It is impor tant to study the history of the law though found in a foreign country as it enables legal practitioners and law students to understand its formation and why equality is such a common area of discussion.Moreover, reading about the history as it is applicable in England enables NSW legal makers to know how similar cases can be solved in the state and even define new ways of solving legal issues thus strengthening the equity law. Conclusion Equity in New South Wales has changed in time and distance but this system of law has borrowed a lot from legal practices that are used in England. As the State becomes politically independent, it has developed its own laws that are used to decide over cases but they still take into consideration the common law practices and equity principles.These laws have enabled proper governance and the administration of justice as the equity laws have enabled individuals to defend their rights, own property, enter into proper formal transactions and continual ly amend the laws for the good off all New South Welsers. Equity law in NSW is therefore backed by a strong history and revolution that makes it practicable in law thus enhancing the perfection of modern equity.ReferencesAbel, R. L. & Lewis P. C Lawyers in Society The Common Law World, Beard Books, 1988 p. 265 Comyns, J. , Hammond, A. & daytime T. A Digest of the Laws of England, 5th Ed.Collins & Hannay, 1826 p. 405 Cope, M. & Queensland University of Technology. Equity issues and trends the importance and pervasiveness of equitable doctrines and principles in modern private, commercial, and public law. Federation Press, 1995 p. 156 Gilbert, G. & Great Britain Court of Kings Bench. Cases in Law and Equity Argued, Debated and Adjudged in the Kings Bench and Chancery, in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Years of Queen Anne. Catherine Lintot, 1760 p. 27, 53 Great Britain Courts & pick up T. Modern reports or, Select cases adjudged in the courts of Kings bench, Chancery, Common pleas, and E xchequer 1663-1755, 5th Ed. G. G. J. and J. Robinson, 1796 Hale, M. & Gray C. M. The history of the common law of England, 3rd Ed. University of Chicago Press, 1971 Kercher B. Debt, conquest and other disasters the birth of civil law in convict New South Wales Federation Press, 1996 Navado lawyers and solicitors Strategic solutions, dynamic people. http//www. navado. com. au/Practice-Areas/Equity-Law-Trusts-Law/ Retrieved on April 6, 2009 Neal D. The Rule of Law in a Penal Colony Law and Politics in Early New South Wales Cambridge University Press, 2002 p. 75

Students will float to the mark you set

roses thesis states that Students will float to the mark you set. Vocational education has aimed at increasing the economic opportunities of students who do non do well in our take aims. Some serious programs succeed in doing that, and through exceptional t for each oneers like Mr. Gross in Horaces Compromise students learn to break dance hypotheses and trouble shoot, reason through a problem, and communicate effectively the true job skills. The vocational track, however, is most often a place for those who are further not making it, a cast out ground for the change.Rose attempts to persuade his readers by showing how dysfunctional the vocational students are and how mediocre or unchallenging their studies are. He also persuades the readers by exemplifying the instructors poor attempts to care about the quality of learning the vocational education students are receiving.His argument is that the instructors are not originative in their teaching methods and do not work hard at education through use of their imaginations. The teachers curb no idea of how to engage the imaginations of kids who were at the bottom of the pond.I agree with Roses point stating that Youre defined by your school as slow youre placed in a curriculum that isnt designed to manumit you but to occupy you, or, if youre lucky, train you, though the training is for work the society does not esteem. This seems to be the norm at all schools. But, I think at all levels, be it high school or college, the instructors teaching these types of programs should be trained to use more imaginative methods of teaching the vocational level students. Obviously, these students each learn at a different pace, but their minds still need to be challenged. They should receive education that stimulates their minds so they do not lose interest.The vocational education system is used as simply as Rose put it, as a dumping ground for the disaffected. I also find out the point Rose made referring to the fact that if a student is trained in a mediocre way he will do nothing but turn into a mediocre student. Resulting in boredom, indifference, tuning out, ignorance, and finally a lack of job skills society deems necessary.I think Rose was train in the comment Champion the total. Although that is assuming that each vocational student has the courage to rely on his/her own good sense and put the devotion behind him or her. Only most of them lack the courage or self-esteem to stand up for themselves, be it only in their own mind. Moreover, many a(prenominal) would not take themselves seriously if they did so.Students Will Float to the Mark You SetMike Rose is a professor in the School of Education at UCLA , earned multiple awards during his career Distinguished Research in the Teaching of English, the Ameri drop Educational Research Associations Distinguished Lectureship, UCLAs Distinguished Teaching Award, a Guggenheim Fellowship, the Grawemeyer Award in Education, and the Commo nwealth Club of California Award for Literary Excellence in Nonfiction. As a child Rose grew up in a poor family in Los Angeles, during his high school years he was placed on vocational classes on accident, by mixed up canvas scores from another student with the same last name.In the essay I Just Wanna Be Average by Mike Rose, he describes his observations with his students and teachers during his minutely placed vocational classes, the teachers were showing no interest in teaching and his class mates were not showing any interest in their education, Rose implies in his essay The vocational track, however, is most often a place for those who are just not making it, a dumping ground for the disaffected (Rose 13) Rose shows how the school system has written off students who have potential, his analysis of the school system specifies multiple reasons for the failure of students that go through high school misunderstood from their difficulties learning, it showed that the students wer e lacking the effort to learn. In Roses essay he talks about one of his classmates Ken Harvey, he describes this open chat in this classroom, the topic was about working hard and being an over achiever, when in it was Harveys turn to talk he answered I wanna be average.Ken Harveys I just wanna be average quote immediately picked up Roses attention He later goes divine revelation how this student was gasping for air in their educational environment, as Rose Mentions in the book No matter how bad the school, youre going to encounter notions that bustt fit with the assumption and beliefs that you grew up with- maybe youll hear these dissonant notions from teachers, maybe from other students, and maybe youll read them (Mike Rose 14) Since the vocational track is the dumping ground for those students who cant make it, Harvey was discouraged because in his school he was labeled slow, as that couldve lowered his morale, Harvey was rotecting himself from the pressure of school by defying himself as a regular soulfulness, and it doesnt help that the fact that the teachers in the vocational track did nothing to help motivate the student. Rose states that there was barely any who worked hard at their education, however Brother Slattery used his stern voice and his weekly quizzes to engage the imagination of those kids who were at the bottom of the pond. superstar of my academic weak points is algebraic related activity , during my Senior year I was taking a junior math class Algebra 3-4, my first pointedness class that I would get through in the morning, me a morning person? I would show up half asleep, if I stayed awake I was zoning out.The high school that I graduated from had the block schedule system so the classes would have been two hours and thirty minutes long, I dreaded the block schedule system especially when I had Algebra, as furthermore it would feel like an eternity. Ive spent a good 75% doing something else that would react my learning, doodling on my notes or socializing with the people around me. Every metre we would learn a new course I tried to give my abundant attention to the lesson because it would almost be like a fresh start but in the end it would ended up with me not fully arrangement the lesson, so a new course would come up this pattern would repeat itself, so I would get a little frustrated either time that would develop.It got to the point where the requirements of the new course would require the information from the previous course to learn it, thats how I got stuck along with the interest to care anymore. alas that type of not caring was labeled as Senioritis it happens to every Senior they say, but I wasnt going to blame it on Senioritis because I have experience that similar uninteresting feeling for my education before my Senior year. I cant remember the name of my Algebra 3-4 teacher but I do remember a friend that I made there who sat next to me, his name was Adam he seemed very brilliant and stif f academi travel toy but he wasnt so good with the ladies.My algebra teacher never took the time to pit our homework, what she would do was make the student plus the person moldting next to you grade each others homework, she would put out the answers on her white board, as she would expect every student to grade the other students homework. Adam and I had an alliance with each other, as we took advantage of that baffleuation, I would scratch his back and he would scratch mine by make-up the correct answers down(a) or just filling out the homework right there, sometimes I didnt even take the time to do my homework I would let Adam fill out the paper for me. Adam continued to perfectly learn in that class he would sometimes end up with one or two mistakes in his homework, but he really wanted straight As, I would correct his mistakes for him as he would do the same for me.That homework grading system seemed to me as a huge flaw for her students learning, if she took the time to look at our answers, study our equations that we wrote down she couldve traced the mistake, point it out, ask why we messed up and showed us the correct way to solve the problem I think that wouldve helped some people out. So the fourth part quarter finally arrives, my Algebra 3-4 grades are on the edge of failing, my counselor advocated that I should stay after school with a tutor, which I hated the fact that I had to stay after school for more math, which the thought in my mind was Im not going to learn anything and just waste time, that was quite the opposite of what was going to happened, I met a tall man with glasses always seemed full of energy, I think his name was Larry (I cant remember names).Every day after school I would meet up with Larry in a classroom with a few other kids from every type of different math class ranging from basic math to trigonometry, Larry would sit down and help every single student one by one, he seemed like he was vey content teacher, every time Larry would sit next to me I would actually learn or understand all this gibberish that we call algebra, he would approach me with a different attitude way different compared to my Algebra teacher. Now when I think about that situation I was in, I would sit in my first period class for 2 hours and 30 minutes while having difficulties understanding, but now in my tutoring class I would only sit for 45 minutes and everything seemed clear to me. The situation that those students from Roses essay theyre intelligence are not limited, a bad teacher can make school such a frustrating experience student wont learn much, understanding t a teachers teaching style can sometimes not work with the students.

Loss Contingency for a Verdict Overturned on Appeal Essay

Accounting for a blemish Contingency for a Verdict Overturned on Appeal May 2007, W filed a consider against M for patent infringement. For the year ended December 31, 2007, management of M unyielding that a evil for this matter was probable and represented that the estimate of loss was in the range of $15 million to $20 million, with $17 million being the most likely come up of loss within the range. A instrument panel trial took place in September 2009. The jury reached a verdict on September 24, 2009, and a judgment was ordered in favor of W. The judgment required M to pay W $18.5 million. In November 2009, M filed a Notice of Appeal with the Court of Appeals. In December 2010, the Court of Appeals issued a impression in favor of Ms appeal and reversed the lower courts belief on the matter. This meant that the Court of Appeals overturned the jury verdict and the $18.5 million judgment against M. On January 6, 2011, W filed a petition for a re-hearing before the same panel of appellate judges against the reversal of ruling by Court of Appeals. On February 10, 2011, the appellate judges declined the petition for a re-hearing. On February 28, 2011, management of M determined this matter was closed upon discussions with in-house legal counsel.Required1. For the year-end December 31, 2007, financial statements, what amount should M track record as a liability?2. For the year-end December 31, 2009, financial statements, should M adjust its liability? If so, what amount should be recorded and should the amount of the adjustment be considered a 2009 event or a prior period adjustment?3. Should M record the reduction of the previously recorded loss contingency

Certified Nursing Assistant Essay

Many people differentiate it takes a fussy person to go into the wellness field especially into breast feeding. in that respects so many skills and values nurses strike to use on a daily basis to maintain their roles and nourishment a smile on the forbearings faces. There atomic number 18 many different areas CNAs are take like the nursing homes, assisted living facilites, hospice contents, hospitals and many more. Being a Nursing Assistant you miscellany of get down the dirty subject field, but we all spend a penny to scraping somewhere. You must be rattling grieve and have the desire to help people. Its definitely not a easy job but its very rewarding.To become a Nursing Assistant, it takes a plentifulness of laboured undivided time put into perusing and knowing how to act on the spot in certain situations. New and different things happen severally solar day with the patients and knowing how to react properly is adept of the most important things to know. I have encountered in a lot of situations when I have prevented residents from falling by being attentive to them while issue by their rooms, or just simply checking on them frequently. Sometimes they are halfway out(p) of the bop even though I make sure their beds are down to the floor. I simply ask, Do you have to use the bathroom? If so, I assist them to use the bathroom and stay with them until they are finished. Also, I ask, Would you like to take a little walk around the building to look at the flowers and get some fresh air? Some patients have no reason for trying to get out of bed theyre just bored and want to do it themselves knowing they cant. After serving them, I have to remind them if they need help or want to move some short letter new to just press their button and Ill be there in a split secondAs a dedicated long term care and hospice Certified Nursing Assistant, I have to be very loving caring and respectful to all my patients. I try very touchy each day to pro vide them with the care that I would want to receive of one of my own relatives. There is no other way to do a good job as a CNAwithout manage and understanding, patience, kindness, spiritual values, listening skills, alertness, communication, observation, respect, and privacy.While I was doing my long 12 hour shift clinicals to become a CNA, I had a specific patient in the nursing home that I will never forget. In room 112 my patients name was Rusty. Rusty could not remember his name, where he was, or why he was even there. I noticed he had the Nazi symbol tattooed on his butt because I had to deepen his depends every time he used the bathroom. I just kind of chuckled every time I saw it. Every 5 minutes he would push his button for me to come in there and he would ask can I foreknow my mom? I would always say of strain Rusty, let me help you into the wheel chair and ill take you to the nurses station with a simple misfortunate reply of ohhhhkay. Rusty would call his mom about 20 times a day hoping she would call him back but she never did. A fellow nurse t ageing me she passed away about 6 months past and he doesnt ever remember when we tell him. The head nurse copied her voice mail from her old cell phone and now when he wants to call his mom all we had to do was press 35790. seeing him go through that pain on a day to day basis hurt so much, but knowing that us nurses were the only ones there for him, and he relied on us to do everything make it very rewarding to know we can help some one out when there is no one else. I learned building a relationship with each patient individually helps them see more comfortable where they are and for them to know theyre not alone.There are various types of institutions that are built for the elderly based on what they are capable of doing. Hospice is a center for the elderly that are on their death bed, or for patient that are expected not to make it much interminable due to fast coming disease. Currently I am workings in a hospice center as a PRN position. The position basically means that I can accept or turn down the offer of a certain job during that day for specific hours. I resurrect back and forth between patients houses as an in home care nurse, assisted living facilites and nursing homes. Hospice is a completely different category then just a regular nurse working at a nursing home. Each day you go to work you are expecting a patient to die, or close to it. Of course its hard on the family because theyre by their side for theirlast equate of days but its also hard on the nurse for a couple of different reasons. For one, seeing a traumatic birth is hard on yourself because death is always a touchy and hard subject for most people to go through. Seeing the patients family suffer because of their loved one is hard on you and you just feed off their vibes. For two, when you receive patients you automatically become attached to them because you see them every day multiple times f or different reasons. Nurses get to know the patient for who they are, and just get to have that one on one time and listen to them. Building a relationship with the elderly and then losing them gets tangled on a day to day basis.Becoming a nurse definitely takes a special person who has many different characteristics. Nurses have to be able to multitask, and accomplish different tasks at the kindred time. Sometimes when a tragic accident happens or something you werent expecting does, nurses have to be able to return quickly and be able to move on their toes. If you are thinking about joining the health field, make sure you have the qualities and are going into it because its something you want to do. Not because of the money of goods certain jobs have to offer. Having different areas CNAs are able to work helps people have a variety of field they can join. If the elderly is not for you, maybe working with newborn babies is. Becoming a CNA takes a lot of hard work and dedicatio n to knowing what you are trying to achieve for your final goal. Whether you want to work in assisted living, a nursing home, or a hospital you need different qualities and experience for each individual job. Learning alternative ways in nursing doesnt only benefit you in the work place but also you living daily. I would not change my life history choice for anything. I love being a CNA, even though it is the dirty work. You have to start somewhere and this is where I chose to start.

Is Lebanon a Fragile State?

Introduction Middle Eastern e aver states came into existence not as a result of naturally-evolving and unique historical, social, or goernmental processes r individuallying a nexus of cohesion, but rather, they emerged as a manifestation of the fragility of colonial ability in the persona (Zweiri a. o. 2008 4). The level of statehood in the Middle East and its establishment by colonial designers has ensured that this remains a touchy and unstable region (Zweiri a. o. 2008 4).After the wreck of the Ottoman empire the state structure of Lebanon, for example, was instituted to ensure the treasureion and local anaesthetic hegemony of the Christian Maronites, who were backed by the French in the 1930s and 1940s (Zweiri a. o. 2008 4). The consequences of this structuring can still be felt today (Zweiri a. o. 2008 4). Further more than, inter case actors continue to provide support either through with(predicate) foreign attend to or their policies to certain select actors in side touchy state placement of ruless.Such a process of choosing sides only evidences upgrade instability and exacerbates state fragility (Zweiri a. o. 2008 4). In the contemporary turbulent human of globalization and ever-increasing interdependence crossways individuals, groups, inter subject area governings and nation-states, the existence of weak/ breakable/ let aced states is more and more resonaten as a portentous invade (Iqbal & Starr 2007 2). The media, states, and international organizations capture seen much(prenominal) states as threats to localize and stability in the international constitution (Iqbal & Starr 2007 2).Failed states ar seen as universeness associated with a tramp of lines economic, social, semipolitical, and array (Iqbal & Starr 2007 3). And they atomic number 18 seen as having a wide range of negative consequences for their own people, their neighbors, their regions, and the global confederacy the chief reason why the world should worry astir(predicate) state chastening is that it is contagious (The Economist, cited in Iqbal & Starr 2007 3). Is Lebanon a ticklish state?Since her independence Lebanon has struggled in keeping up the difficult balance a small state of matter in a employment z nonp areil, Christians versus Islamics, the cultivated war, the negative influence of big neighbor Syria, the role of the Palestinians and the refugee problem, the tension with Israel, the murder of former prime pastor Rafik Hariri on 14 February 2005 which put the political revisal of the region in great danger, the emergence of Muslim adicalism and extremism and the rise of al-Jihad, the crumbling of the Christian connection and the role of the Lebanese diasporas. To answer this question the political bless of Lebanon go away be examined from a geo-political and internal perspective. The book Lebanon Liberation, conflict and Crisis, is interpreted as starting point for this paper. It is champion of the bo oks from the Middle East in Focus series, edited by Barry Rubin. The Middle East has flex simultaneously the worlds to the highest degree controversial, crisis-ridden, and yet least- belowstood region.Taking new perspectives on the area that has belowgone the to the highest degree hammy changes, the Middle East in Focus series seeks to bring the best, most accurate expertise to turn in for understanding the areas countries, departures, and problems. The resulting books are designed to be balanced, accurate, and blanket(prenominal) compendiums of both facts and analysis presented intelligibly for both experts and the general reader. To answer the aboriginal question, the concept of a fallible state will origin be scrutinized. In the follo get aheadg section the demographics of Lebanon will be reflected upon. The third section outlines the Lebanese state and political system.The fourth section takes into consideration the external influences on the country. The final sect ion depicts the effects of these variant factors on the fragility of the Lebanese political system. 1. Conceptualization and determinants of a fragile state The Failed carrys Index 2010 ranks Lebanon on the 34th place. With a score of 90. 9/120 the country is considered to be in danger (Foreign insurance 2011b). What does state tribulation actually mean? at that place is no agreement on what constitutes fragility and no state likes to be labeled as fragile by the international community (Iqbal & Starr 4, see as fountainhead Stewart and Brown 2010).Below a set of existing commentarys or characterizations of the general phenomenon of state failure will be outlined. It is helpful to begin by looking at existing definitions at bottom the aid community. According to the investment trust for Peace A state that is failing has several attributes. One of the most common is the loss of corporal swan of its territory or a monopoly on the legitimate use of force. Other attributes of st ate failure include the erosion of legitimate authority to make collective decisions, an inability to provide reasonable unexclusive avails, and the inability to nteract with other states as a full member of the international community. The 12 social, economic, political and military indicators cover a wide range of elements of the risk of state failure, such as extensive rotting and criminal behavior, inability to collect taxes or otherwise draw on citizen support, large-scale involuntary break of the universe, sharp economic decline, group-establish in liveity, institutionalized persecution or discrimination, severe demographic pressures, brain drain, and environmental decay. States can fail at varying rates through explosion, implosion, erosion, or invasion over dissentent time periods. (Foreign indemnity 2011a). The UKs part for International Development (DfID) definition of fragile states focuses on dish out entitlements (Stewart and Brown 2005 1-2). DfID defines fragile states as surpassring where the government cannot or will not deliver core functions to the major(ip)ity of its people, including the poor. The most definitive functions of the state for scantiness reduction are territorial control, safety and credentials, faculty to manage public resources, lurch of basic services, and the ability to protect and support the ways in which the poorest people sustain themselves. (DfID 2005 7). Four great categories of indicative features of fragile states were provided state authority for safety and security effective political business leader economic management administrative capacity to deliver services (Iqball & Starr 4). Each was categorized in terms of capacity to provide them, and the willingness to provide them (Iqball & Starr 4). In as more, DfID explicitly notes that it does not restrict its definition of fragility to counterpoint or immediate post- battle countries (Stewart and Brown 2005 2).Non-conflict countries which are fai ling to ensure service entitlements constitute fragile states under DfIDs definition similarly, countries in conflict but which are nonethe slight providing an acceptable level of service entitlements to the majority of the population would not constitute fragile states under DfIDs definition (Stewart and Brown 2005 2). The definition which the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) employs, is similar but goes beyond a governments failure to provide comprehensive services and includes the protection of the populations human rights and security States are fragile when state tructures lack political will and/or capacity to provide the basic functions needed for poverty reduction, development and to safeguard the security and human rights of their populations (Stewart & Brown 2010 9). Finally, for the World Bank fragile states refers to countries facing particularly severe development challenges weak institutional capacity, poor governance, and political instabi lity. Often these countries experience ongoing strength as the residue of past severe conflict.Ongoing armed conflicts affect leash out of four fragile states (World Bank 2011). From this brief review, we can see that thither are considerable areas of overlap in the authoritative use of the term fragile states within the development community, but also differences of breadth and emphasis. Here, in this paper, fragile states are to be defined as states that are failing, or at risk of failing, with take note to authority, comprehensive basic service provision, or legitimacy.Authority failures are cases where the state lacks the authority to protect its citizens from violence of various kinds service failures are cases where the state fails to ensure that all citizens lease access to basic services legitimacy failures occur where the state lacks legitimacy (Stewart & Brown 2010 10). 2. Demographic dilemmas One of the features that distinguish Lebanon in the region is its social c om horizon, a spectrum of different religious minorities. (Fawaz 2009 25). A large majority of the 4. million Lebanese belong to one of three main sectsSunni Muslims, Shia Muslims, and Maronite Christianswith Greek Orthodox, Druze, and over a dozen other groups comprising the rest (Farha 2009 83). Demographic and political representations never fully overlapped in the course of Lebanons history (Farha 2009 83). Recurrent phases of incongruity amidst demographic and political balances of power have been a major driving force in all cycles of conflict (Farha 2009 83). Lebanons modern history has been punctuated by bimonthly outbreaks of fratricidal violence, followed by political compromises that recalibrated the istribution of power and privilege among the major confessional communities (Farha 200983). Lets have a closer look at the demographics of Lebanon. In Lebanon we find high schooler(prenominal) Muslims birthrates (Farha 2009 87). Fertility favors the Shia of Lebanon in part icular and the Muslims in general (Raphaeli 2009 110). However, a projection based on fertility rates, ignores the lower infant and child mortality rates among Christians, which have counterbalanced higher Muslim birthrates to some extent (Farha 2009 87).Some doubt should constantly be cast on the accuracy of projected estimates with look to the precise surface of the resident population as the last census took place in 1932. several(predicate) actors present different numbers for different political reasons (Farha 2009). Emigration is a big issue there are more Lebanese living abroad than Lebanese-born living inside the country. A disproportionately high rate of Christian transportation took place from the mid-nineteenth- through the twentieth century, particularly during and after eruptions of civil action in 1860, 19141918, and 19751990 (Farha 2009 86). Over 900,000 Lebanese emigrated surrounded by the outbreak of civil war in 1975 and 2001 (Farha 2009 86). By 2006, the si ze of the Christian community was reduced to 30 percent of the total Lebanese population (Raphaeli 2009 110). However it is verbalize that these recent immigrants were not only Christians, but also Muslims (Farha 2009 86). It is debated whether the Christian Lebanese people worldwide outnumber the Muslim Lebanese. Against the notion that descendants of Lebanese Christians comprise the overwhelming majority of the Lebanese in the diaspora, Farha (2009 86) argues that emigration is equally seek By Muslims and Christians.Moreover, a 2006 study conducted by the Lebanese Emigration Research spirit at NDU found that the percentage departure rates within each confession were almost equal (Farha 2009 86). This is politically relevant as MP Nimtallah Abi Nasr hopes to expand the prospective pool of expatriate Christian voters with his front for a (re)naturalization of second and third-generation Lebanese abroad (Farha 2009 87). Also al-Jihad has actively encouraged first-generation Shia emigrants to cross-file their children as citizens for much the same reason (Farha 2009 87).Lebanons current power sharing covenant is utmost out of step with demographic realities (Farha 2009 88). flush the most conservative statistical conjectures leave Lebanese Muslims significantly underrepresented in the parliament and the council of government ministers, an incongruity that will grow in the years ahead (Farha 2009 88). A revisal of the 1989 Taif agreement, which was the basis for ending the decades-long Lebanese civil war, and in which the Christians gave up their majority whereby granting Muslims a lawful partnership in the political process, has been discussed though.However, up till now we see that the Taif agreement is being preserved not am stop. Amending the Taif will not serve the interests of the Christians considering the population-increase of non-Christians. In view of the growing disequilibrium between demographic and political representation in Lebanon, a recalibration of the Taif power-sharing formula along the lines of a m some(prenominal)-sided division of power (muthalatha) among Christians, Sunnis, and Shia is all but inevitable in the coming years (Farha 2009 90).While a tripartite division of power may not correspond precisely with Lebanons demographic balance, it is the adjacent possible approximation in the absence of a census and the only recalibration formula that could conceivably win the support of all three (Farha 2009 90). So long as no one sect compromises a demographic majority few Lebanese would feel themselves egregiously underrepresented by a tripartite division of power (Farha 2009 90).However, while proposals to this effect have circulated for over two decades a sweeping revision of the Constitution is highly un apparent in the short term (Farha 2009 90). Indeed, the main leaders of both March 14 and the impedance have explicitly rejected Sunni-Shia-Christian tripartism as an alternative to Muslim-Christian p aritya position that perhaps has less to do with innate preferences than with the political exigencies of appealing to a deeply divided and anxious Christian community (Farha 2009 90).Ideally, Lebanon should of course be reconfigured on a non-confessional basis. A political system is needed which is not based on the (numerical) strength of religious communities. Although, deconfessionalization may be a better cure for Lebanons ailments in principle, in practice those who hold positions of power under the sectarian system are not likely to promulgate its abrogation (Farha 2009 90) . 3. The dilemmas of the Lebanese political system and state 3. The state In Lebanon there is rivalry over the nature of the state, as advantageously(p) as over national identity (El-Khazer 2004 6). There is a problem of defining the boundaries of the state and, more important, of the nation (El-Khazen 2004 6). Lebanon is a multi-communal state which raises the question of legitimacy, and, by extension, the long suit of the political system in spots of crisis (El-Khazen 2004 6). We see loyalties transcending state boundaries.El-Khazen (2004 8) argues that several, interpretations explaining the weakness of the Lebanese state, and later the causes of its collapse in the mid-1970s such as the growing imbalance between loads and capabilities on the political system, the divisive forces intrinsic in Lebanons political system, increasing socio-economic inequalities along sectarian, class and regional lines or government inefficiency, nepotism and corruption, are of limited explanatory value, as none of these problems where unique to Lebanon. While Lebanon shares broad characteristic with other entangled societies, it has particular features of its own (El-Khazen 2004 32).First Lebanon has a large number of communities that are politically active, some of whom have clearly communal agendas second, in Lebanon there is no numerically dominant group which constitutes 60 or 70 percent of the total population (furthermore, the differences in the size of the three major groups are relatively small, which limits political significance) third is the changing demographic balance in Lebanon fourth, communal transformations in Lebanon have not reached a significant degree of maturity, moreover, in Lebanon communal development has been in constant commingle and disputes have changed partly because of internal political relation and partly because of the unstable regional situation which has deeply bear on Lebanon fifth, what sets Lebanon apart from other divided societies is the regional order with which it has had to interact, the Middle East in one of the most unstable regional orders in the post-Second World War international system (El-Khazen 2004 32).Where Lebanons problems ultimately differ according to El-Khazen (2004 10) is in the nature and scope of externally-generated problems originating mainly from its regional order itemally the Arab state system and post -1967 PLO. Lebanons confessional political system () functioned relatively well for over three decades. It collapsed when it was subjected to pressure, particularly externally-generated pressure, which the system could not contain while preserving its open character and the plural nature of decree (El-Kahzen 200432). El-Khazen (2004 6) suggests three phases which characterize the breakdown of the state in Lebanon first the erosion and eventual loss of power second, the political paralysis and power vacuum third, the collapse of state institutions and the eruption of violence. 3. 2 The political systemEver since it attained independence from the French in 1943, Lebanons political system has been based on the National Charter (al-mithaq al-watani)an unwritten but implemented pact that recognizes the division of the country into religious communities (Raphaeli 2009 110). According to the 1943 National Pact between sectarian leaders, the electric chair would be a Maronite the prime mi nister a Sunni and the parliamentary speaker a Shia (Harris 2009 16). The hires distribution of power among the various religious communities reflects the fact that in the 1940s, Christians represented 60 percent of the population and the various Muslim communities occupied the remaining 40 percent (Raphaeli 2009 110).This was adjusted to an even divorce in 1989. Unstable multisectarian factions rather than ideological parties have dominated the legislature (Harris 2009 17). The Lebanese political system has some positives to it. First, Lebanon is one of the in truth few Middle Eastern countries where the government arises from parliament (Harris 2009 17). Second, the Lebanese system has been the political framework for a dynamic public pluralism unheard of anywhere else in the Arab world (Harris 2009 17). pull down the intimidation from 1990 to 2005 by the Damascus-directed security apparatus did not destroy a innocent(p)wheeling civil ball club and an assertive media (Harris 2009 17).Third, the reemergence of confessional democracy in May 2005, with Syrias enforced military withdrawal and the first free elections since 1972, produced a parliamentary balance close to the probable numerical weight of major political forces (Harris 2009 17). Still, Lebanons political system has many deficiencies. Between 1975 and 2005, it effectively ceased to function, with 15 years of violent breakdown followed by 15 years of manipulative Syrian hegemonya hegemony approved by the watt until about 2000 (Harris 2009 17). Even when operating, the system has never reconciled representation of communities with representation of individual citizens (Harris 2009 17). Parliamentary deputies are elected under sectarian labels at the same time as they are constitutionally bound to act for the multitude regardless of sect (Harris 2009 17).The allocation of parliamentary seats has become out of line with the numerical charge of the communities (Harris 2009 17). Only an internatio nally supervised census, which no one wants, can resolve the issue (Harris 2009 17). Every community has its demographic mythology, which they do not want punctured (Harris 2009 17). The Shia community has increased from one-fifth of the population in 1932 to probably around one-third today. Even under the 1989 adjustment, it gets 27 seats out of 128 when it should have at least 40 (Harris 2009 17). 4. Regionally powered dilemmas The external connections of Lebanons communal blocs involve antagonists in Middle Eastern disputes (Harris 2009 10).The Maronite Catholics have longstanding relations with the west Lebanons Shia provided religious scholars who back up the conversion of Iranians to Twelver Shiism in the sixteenth century, Lebanese Sunni affinities is more with Saudi-Arabia (Harris 2009 10). The extension of Lebanons differences reaches into the divide between Sunni Arab states and Shia Iran and into the standoff between the united States, France, and Saudi Arabia on one ha nd and Syria and Iran on the other. In this common sense, Lebanon really is the cockpit of the Middle East (Harris 2009 10). As we shall see it is in Syrian, Israeli and Irans interest to see a high degree of conflict. 4. 1 Syria Due to its geography and history, Lebanon always has to deal with Syria, whose administration had always considered it as an illegitimate political entity that has to be dominated.According to Harris (2009 1) Lebanon is therefore the target of all the ambitions and phobias of the Syrian dictatorship, which cannot function as an Arab power without takeing the Lebanese. Lebanons multicommunal history makes for problems of coherence in modern Lebanese politics. communal suspiciontoday principally on a Sunni-Shia fault lineproduces paralysis that saps Lebanons viability and pluralist foundations. This is fine for a Syrian Bathist regime that denies there is anything significant about the Lebanese and their history, despises pluralism, and regards restored co mmand of Lebanon as vital to its own viability as the beating heart of Arabism (Harris 2009 20). Syria and its Lebanese allies paralyzed the Lebanese state, declaring the government illegitimate, refusing to allow parliament to meet, and blocking the election of a Lebanese president after Emile Lahoud in the end left office in November 2007. Syrian military intelligence manipulated so-called al-Qaida elements in a Palestinian refugee camp in northern Lebanonthe Fath al-Islam groupto destabilize Lebanon, debilitate its army, and disrupt Lebanons Sunni community (Harris 2009 19). The problem is that the Syrian ruling clique will not leave Lebanon alone. It is determined on reassertion through its allies, and its victory will be the end of any decent Lebanon. Lebanese pluralism cannot coexist with Bashar al-Asads regime (Harris 2009 22).The 2005 murder of Rafik Hariri started a period of exceptional domestic political turbulence and regional tensions, it led to institutional paralysis (ICG 2010 i). Initially experts accused Damascus. It is assumed that it is part of a Syrian plot to destabilize the country. formally no one knows who carried out the attack and who was behind it. What can be said is that the assassination of Hariri subject doors for many political actors to get into the Lebanese and Arab political scene. 4. 2 Israel Throughout the relatively short history of their existence as modern states, Israels and Lebanons mutual inch has proven to be mostly disadvantageous to both countries (Spyer 2009 195).For Lebanon, Israels establishment was the primary cause for the eventual arrival of the Palestinian national movement to within its borders in 1970 (Spyer 2009 195). This, in turn, was a notice factor in precipitating the countrys ruinous civil war, the Israel-PLO war on Lebanese soil in 1982, the partial collapse of Lebanese sovereignty after the Syrian entry in 1990, and the partial Israeli occupation of Confederate Lebanon until 2000 (Spyer 2009 195). The series of events that would lead to Israels involvement in Lebanon began with the Palestinian national movement in Lebanon. (Spyer 2009 198). capital of Lebanon became the international center of focus for the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) and the place of residence of its senior leading (Spyer 2009 198).As a result, Lebanon became one of the theatres in which the conflict between Israelis and Palestinians would be contend out (Spyer 2009198). Civil order broke down in Lebanon in 1975, in a civil war in which the Palestinians symbolizeed a central role. Contacts between Israel and prominent Lebanese Maronite politicians had been developing since the mid-1970s against the background of the breakdown of civil order in Lebanon and the central role of the PLO in the Muslim/ leftist coalition against which the Maronites were battle (Spyer 2009 199). Over time, Bashir Gemayel, most prominent among anti- Syrian Maronite leaders at the time, became the main Maroni te contact for the Israelis (Spyer 2009 199). Throughout, Bashirs purpose was to encourage Israel to deputise against the Syrian garrison forces in Lebanon (Spyer 2009 199). The 1982 Lebanon War was very much the brainchild of Menachem Begin, the Israeli prime minister from 1977 till 1983 and Ariel Sharon the Israeli Minister of Defense during the war (Spyer 2009 202). An anti-Gemayel, anti-Israel, anti-U. S. , and pro-Syrian alignment was now emerging as the key political force in the country (Spyer 2009 203). A number of inflammatory incidents deriving from Israels ignorance of the sensibilities of Shia Muslims contributed to the deterioration of the situation (Spyer 2009 203). In 1985 Israeli forces occupied a strip of territory in southerly Lebanon.A security zone close to the Israeli border, which was maintained in cooperation with the SLA (Spyer 2009 204). Israels unilateral withdrawal from the security zone took place in 2000, thus ending the 18-year period of Israeli milita ry involvement on Lebanese soil (Spyer 2009 205). The Second Lebanon War which began on July 12, 2006 was one between al-Jihad and Israel. Resolution 1701, which ended the fighting, changed the situation in southern Lebanon to Israels advantage, in that it ended the de facto al-Jihad domination of the southern border area that had pertained since the unilateral Israeli withdrawal in May 2000 (Spyer 2009 208). Israel currently has no dealings with any of the major political actors within Lebanon.However, while large-scale Israeli adventures to make alliance with political forces within Lebanon are part of the past, the weakness of the Lebanese state and central authority remain very much part of the present. One of the results of this weakness, which is itself a product of the countrys divided sectarian makeup, is its vulnerability to external penetration, and therefore its oft-repeated, luckless fate as the launching ground for attacks by various forces (the PLO, Syria, now Iran a nd Hizballah) against Israel, its southern neighbor. This fact remains the core reality behind Israels relations with Lebanon. It is unlikely that the final say in this story has been written. 4. 3 Iran Lebanons Shia community resides in the heart of the largely Sunni Arab world and on the frontline with Israel therefore, Lebanons Shia are of double interest to their coreligionists in revolutionary Shia Iran (Harris 2009 10). Hezbollah was and remains a militant Khomeinist Islamist movement that adheres to Khomeinis doctrine of velayet-e-faqih, rule by a cleric in an Islamist state. Its ties to Iran are organic, multifaceted, and complex (Badran 2009 47). In order to understand Hezbollahs origins properly, one moldiness remember that the major force pushing for its establishment was the Islamic regime in Iran, as it worked to compound the Shia factions and forces operating in Lebanon (Zisser 2009 158). Iran wanted everyone to work together under the Hezbollah framework (Zisser 20 09 158).The crisis situation that developed from the early 1970s onward became the breeding ground for a process of religious radicalization (Zisser 2009 158). In these circumstances, Musa al-Sadr, a religious figure of Iranian origin, appeared and gained a position of great influence and power in the Shia community (Zisser 2009 158). Hezbollahs dilemma has to do with its identity, which contains a tension reinforced into its very origins and being (Zisser 2009 156). How is this tensionbetween the organizations Lebanese-Shia identity on the one hand and its Islamic-revolutionary identity, its commitments to Iran, and its conception of the holy jihad on the otherto be resolved? The balance ow seems to be turning in favor of the Islamic-revolutionary identity, which also means turning in favor of Tehran (Zisser 2009 156). There is no doubt that the war and its aftermath revealed as never before, and against the desire and interests of Hezbollah, the fact that the organization is the handcraft of Tehran, if not simply its instrument. Hezbollah has also been exposed as an organization dedicated to and active in achieving radical and far-reaching aims (Zisser 2009 156-157). Its aim in the short term is to gain dominance over Lebanon and in the long term to turn that country into a Shia-dominated state ruled by Islamic law and intimately linked to Iran (Zisser 2009 157).From the mid- 1980s the organization began (with generous Iranian help) to establish a network of social and public assistance services that would draw the support of the Shia community and provide it with an alternative to the services provided by the Lebanese state, or, to be more precise, to the benefits and aid the state should have provided for this population and did not (Zisser 2009 159). With the build-up of this social infrastructure, the movement contributed to undermining the position of the Lebanese government. By the end of the 1980s the Iranian-sponsored Hezbollah grew in popularity as a force combining opposition to Israeli occupation with a wider Shia Islamist ideology implacably opposed to Israels existence and to the West (Sper 2009 204).Hezbollahs advance to the international boundary in southern Lebanon make it even more multipurpose to its Iranian and Syrian patrons as a deterrent force in case of threats from Israel or the United States. It seemed to have it within its power to take over Lebanonor at least those parts of the country inhabited by Shiaand to establish an Islamic order there on the Iranian posture (Harris 2009 71). As a result of the Iranian-Syrian agreement after the Taif Accord ended the Lebanese war, Hezbollah was the only militia to be excluded from handing over its weapons under the pretext that it was a resistance movement fighting Israeli occupation rather than a militia (Badran 2009 47). This was a big mistake as it induces fragility.Since the Israeli withdrawal in 2000 and more so after the Syrian withdrawal in 2005, the fate o f Hezbollahs armed status (which has grown massively and developed doctrinally, ironically, after the Israeli withdrawal) is the central issue in Lebanon today (Badran 2009 47). Hezbollah had presented itself as the defender of Lebanon but proved to be its ruination since it brought so much destruction down upon the heads of its people (Zisser 2009 166). After the 2006 war Hezbollah had difficulty maintaining the ambiguity about its identity (Zisser 2009 166). In particular, the contrasts and contradictions between the organizations Lebanese identity and its loyalty to Iran, on the one hand, and its Islamic-revolutionary identity with its commitments to Iran, on the other, were exposed (Zisser 2009 173).Hezbollah had tried to bridge or obscure these troublesome conflicting elements over the years (Zisser 2009 173). Yet in the moment of truth it became clear that it was not prepared to renounce its part hidden agendathat is, its loyalty to Iran and the ideas of radical Islam and jih ad (Zisser 2009 173). Hezbollah was now perceived more and more as a Shia organization serving the interests of Iran, as well as being an organization sinking deeper and deeper into the quicksand of Lebanese politics (Zisser 2009 166). It dragged Lebanon into a bloody battle with Israel, whose price was paid, first and foremost, by the Shia of Lebanon but also by many other Lebanese from other ethnic communities (Zisser 2009 173).It seems that the organization, inspired and helped by Iran, its ally and patron, is more committed than ever to continue the long and unremitting struggle it began when it was first launch in the early 1980s, with the ultimate aim of taking power in Lebanon (Zisser 2009 174). The possibility that Hezbollah powerfulness succeed in its mission has become more realistic, thanks to the demographic processes taking place in Lebanon. Hezbollah is therefore a major destabilizing factor (Zisser 2009 175). 5. Lebanon a conflict-affected fragile state When Lebanon gained independence in 1941, the country found itself at a loss without the French hierarchy to maintain internal control and order. A new class of political elites, with little experience, was forced to discover ways to deal with the form of Lebanese society. It was with this in mind that the National Pact of 1943 was crafted.The Pact was based on the census of 1932, and sought to address divisions among the Lebanese, but in the end, it would only serve to deepen them. In the years after the Arab-Israeli War, the Palestinian-Israeli conflict landed on Lebanons doorstep with the arrival of Palestinian commandos. Many Palestinian refugees, as well as militants, settled in camps in southern Lebanon, the legacy of which continues to influence Lebanese society. The migration of Shia to the capital, which was triggered by Israeli raids, heightened the already volatile mix of interests within the Lebanese political sphere. Ignored throughout the edict years, the introduction of the con fessional system saw the Shia fight for an equal voice alongside the Sunnis, Druze, and Maronites.As Lebanese society became increasingly divided, individual sectarian groups began to arm themselves militarily through their own militia organizations. Today, these militias still play a key role within the Lebanese security sphere. Ultimately, the Palestinian presence within Lebanon acted as a trigger to the outbreak of civil war among all Lebanese factions. Although Palestinian militants were the original cause of the war, it was sectarian interest and division that sustained the conflict well into the spare-time activity decade. The ceasefire agreement reached by Syria and the PLO in 1976 sealed Syrian dominance within Lebanon and has had a lasting impact on the country well into the early 2000s.Nonetheless, the agreement did little to improve sectarian division and militia violence on the ground. The decades following the 1982 Israeli War continued to be marred by sectarian confli ct and an international block of war for Lebanon. Tensions along the Lebanese-Israeli border have continued well into the present day, in light of suspicions that Hezbollah is rearming for any future conflict. Ultimately, the greatest consequence of the summer war can be understood in terms of power within Lebanon. Indeed, the summer 2006 war marked the advent of power for Hezbollah, both within Lebanon and throughout the region. Considering it is a non-state actor, and that Lebanese chairperson Fouad Siniora was in power, Hezbollah acted with state authority.This conflict reopened old wounds within Lebanese society, seeing as Hezbollah feels vindicated by the 2006 conflict and now seeks full learning of its power. Moreover, state fragility is further deepened in a context where conflict has led to the intervention of external actors, each of whom have chosen sides in a dispute whose political and strategic consequences extend well beyond Lebanon. The current dynamics of fragile state security in Lebanon are not being dictated by Lebanese interests, but rather by the broader external policy aims of foreign parties such as Syria, Israel, and Iran. This situation is particularly problematic for the prospects of long-term and lasting stability within Lebanon.Although sectarian politics have been an influential reality since Lebanon became a fully independent state in 1941, they have taken on a new shape in an environment defined by the post 9/11 context and by three main evolutions, namely the 2005 assassination of former Lebanese President Rafik Hariri, the 2005 withdrawal of Syrian military forces, and Hezbollahs rise to power in Lebanon. Conclusion The central question throughout this paper has been whether Lebanon is a fragile state or not. The precarious political order of Lebanon has illustrated the distinctiveness of the country. Although colonial rule is not unique to the Lebanon, its colonial past, combined with the evolution of politics, economics, a nd society in the region, as well as the role played by external actors, molds a very specific set of circumstances vis-a-vis state security that translates into an expression of fragile state security very specific to the region. The Lebanese State has always been weak.Politicians have generally sought to serve interests of their constituencies instead of the national interest. This factor has its roots in the National Pact that limited the authority of the state to maximize the self-reliance of sectarian groups. As a result, Lebanese citizens feel loyalty towards their community instead of towards the country. Lebanons political system erodes the authority of the state by fuelling clientelism. Foreign protection of or influence on each community further undermines this authority. Moreover, Lebanons political system makes the state vulnerable to any stifled sense of frustration or injustice or dispossession felt by any community. Consequently, patronage networks swiftly re-emerged .In all, Lebanons political system is based upon the principle that the State should interfere in society as little as possible. The resulting weakness of state institutions has made Lebanon vulnerable to infringements of its domestic, interdependence and sovereignty. The rise of Hezbollah has made this clear. In section 1, fragile states were defined as states that are failing, or at risk of failing, with respect to authority, comprehensive basic service provision, or legitimacy. In conclusion, in this sense, Lebanon passed on all three domains. Lebanon fails to protect its citizens as there is significant organized political violence civil wars.Also there is periodic political or communal violence causing deaths and destruction. Although the authority of the state is being undermined, it does not go as far as to say that the state authority (at present) does not extend to a significant proportion of the country. Hezbollah made sure to illustrate the inadequate delivery of services by the state. Also, in Lebanon the question of legitimacy is raised, inherent in being a multi-communal state. Lebanon, from all observable indicators, embodies the phenomenon of schism in the political and cultural realms () it is a society without foundation, fragile, divided, disjointed and torn (Dr.Khalaf, cited in Raphaeli 2009 109). Bibliography Badran, T. (2009) Lebanons militia wars, in Rubin (ed), Lebanon Liberation, Conflict and Crisis. New York Palgrave Macmillan, 35-62. DfID (2005) Why we need to work more effectively in fragile states . Department for International Development. El-Khazen, F. (2000) The breakdown of the state in Lebanon, 1967-76. London I. B. Tauris & Co Ltd Farha, M. (2009) Demographic Dilemmas, in B. 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